CUV T DOM, A THE ANIMAL KINGDOM, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO ITS ORGANIZATION, SERVING Aft A FOUNDATION FOR THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ANIMALS, AND AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. BY BARON CUVIER, Great Officer of the Legion of Honour, Counsellor of State, and Member of the Royal Council of Public Instruction; One of the Forty of the French Academy; Perpetual Secretary to the Academy of Sciences ; Member of the Academies and Royal Societies of London, Berlin, Petersburg!!, Stockholm, Turin, Edinburgh, Copenhagen, Gottingen, Bavaria, Modena, the Netherlands, and Calcutta ; and of the Linnaean Society of London. WITH FIGURES DESIGNED AFTER NATURE : THE BY M. LATREILLE, Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, Member of the Institute (Royal Academy of Sciences), and of the greater portion of other learned Societies in Europe and America. Eranrflatrtr from tfje latent jFrenrt) UPtiitian. WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES, AND ILLUSTRATED BY NEARLY 500 ADDITIONAL PLATES. IN FOUR VOLUMES. VOL. III. LONDON. G. HENDERSON, 2, OLD BAILEY, LUDGATE-HILL, AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 1834. LONDON I'RINTKD BY J. HENDERSON, It, \VATKR-I.AXR, FLEET STRKKT. PREFACE*. OVERWHELMED with scientific labours, and yielding, perhaps too easily, to the impulse of friendship and to my desire to serve him, M. Cuvier has confided to me that portion of this work which treats of Insects. These animals were the objects of his earliest zoological studies, and the cause of his connexion with one of the most celebrated pupils of Linnaeus, Fabricius, who in his writings gives him frequent assur- ance of his high esteem. It was even by various interesting obser- vations on several of these animals Journal d'Hist. Nat. that M. Cuvier commenced his career in natural history. Entomology, in common with all the other branches of Zoology, has derived the greatest advantage from his anatomical researches, and the happy changes he has effected in the basis of our classification. The internal organization of Insects is now better known, and this study is no longer neglected as was previously the case. He has placed us on the way to the Natural System f , and greatly will the public regret that his * This preface is the same which stood at the commencement of the third volume of the first edition of this work. Having there confined myself to an exposition of the general principles, upon which my arrangement of the animals composing the Linnaean class of Insects was effected, and having in the present edition made no change in that respect, the same observations are still applicable. Considered, however, with regard to the details, or to the secondary and tertiary divisions, that is to say, Orders, Families, Genera and Subgenera, this edition will be found to pre- sent a remarkable difference. It was impossible to place it on a level with the actual state of the science, without modifying several parts of my former system, and without considerable additions, which, such has been the progress of Ento- mology, are so numerous, that even by filling two volumes instead of one, I have been barely enabled to give a very summary view of the multitude of generic divisions effectuated within the last ten years, and which are frequently founded on the most minute characters. This branch of Zoology has gained much from other and more positive sources, those of Anatomy. These observations I was the more impera- tively bound to notice, as they formed part of the plan of the illustrious author of the " Rgne Animal," and as they serve to confirm the stability of the divisions I have established. By a perusal of the general remarks which precede them, the reader will be better able to appreciate the motives which have determined these changes, and to feel the importance of the addenda that enrich the entomological portion of this edition. A simple comparison between it and that of the former will show, at a glance, that it has been entirely remoulded, or that it is a new work which we now present to the world, rather than a new edition. f Tableau Element, de 1'Hist. Nat. des Animaux, and the Lee. d'Anat. Compar. a2 IV PREFACE. numerous occupations did not allow him to superintend this portion of his treatise on animals. Perhaps the desire of associating my name with his in a work like this, which, by the multitude of researches on which it rests, and by their application, has become a precious literary monument of the age, has deceived me, and thrown me into an enterprize beyond my powers to accomplish. The responsibility is great, and I have im- posed upon myself a task, in which the boldness of the plan is only equalled by the difficulty of its execution. To unite within a very limited space the most interesting facts in the history of Insects, to arrange them with precision and clearness in a natural series, to pour- tray with a bold pencil the physiognomy of these animals, trace their distinguishing characters with truth and brevity, in a way propor- tioned to the successive progress of the science and that of the pupil, to indicate useful or noxious species, and those whose mode of life interests our curiosity, to point out the best sources from which the knowledge of others may be obtained, to restore to Entomology the amiable simplicity which it possessed in the days of Linnaeus, Geoffroy, and of the early writings of Fabricius, but still to present it as it now is, or with all the wealth of observation it has since acquired, yet without overloading it; in a word, to conform to the model before me, the work of M. Cuvier, is the end I have striven to attain. This savant, in his " Tableau Elementaire de 1'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux," did not restrict the extent given by Linnaeus to his class of Insects; he however made some necessary ameliorations, which have since served as the foundation of other systems. He dis- tinguishes Insects, in the first place, from other invertebrate animals, by much more rigorous characters than those previously employed viz., a knotted medullary spinal marrow, and articulated limbs. Linnaeus terminates his class of Insects with those which are apterous, although most of them, such as the Crustacea and the Araneides, with respect to their organization, are the most perfect of their class, or are the most closely approximated to the Mollusca. His method, in this respect, is then exactly the inverse of the natural system, and, by transporting the Crustacea to the head of the class, and by placing almost all the Aptera of Linnaeus directly after them, Cuvier rectified the method in a point where the series was in direct opposition to the scale formed by Nature. In his Lemons d'Anatomie Comparee, the class of Insects, from which he now separates the Crustacea, is divided into nine orders, founded on the nature and functions of the organs of mariducation, the presence or absence of wings, their number, consistence, and the PREFACE. V manner in which they are reticulated. It is in fact a union of the system of Fabricius with that of Linnaeus perfected. The divisions made by our savant in his first order, that of the Gnathaptera, are nearly similar to those I had established in a Memoir presented to the Societe Philomatique, April, 1795, and in my Precis des Caracteres Generiques des Insectes*. M. de Lamarck, whose name is so dear to the friends of natural science, has ably profited by these various labours. His systematic arrangement of the Linnaean Aptera appears to us to be that which approaches nearest to the natural order, and, with some modifications of which we are about to speak, is the one we have followed. I divide the Insects of Linnaeus, with him, into three classes : the Crustacea^ Arachnides and Insecta; but in the essential characters which I assign to them, I abstract all the changes experienced by these animals, prior to their adult state. This consideration, although natural, and previously employed by De Geer in his arrangement of the Aptera, is not classical, inasmuch as it supposes the observation of the animal in its different ages; it is, besides, liable to many exceptions f. The situation and form of the branchiae, the manner in which the head is united to the thorax, and the organs of manducation, have furnished me the means of establishing seven orders in the class of the Crustacea, all of which appear to me to be natural. I- terminate it, with M. de Lamarck, by the Branchiopoda, which are a sort of Crustacea Arachnides. In the following class, that of the Arachnides, I only include the species which in the system of Lamarck compose the order of his Arachnides palpistes, or those which have no antennae. Beyond this, the organization of these animals, external as well as internal, furnishes us with a simple and rigorous rule that is susceptible of a general application. * I there divided the Aptera of Linnaeus into seven orders: 1. The SUCTORIA. 2. The THYSANOURA. 3. The PA KASHA. 4. The ACEPHALA (Arachnides pal- piilcs, Lam.) 5. The ENTOMOSTRACA. 6. The CRUSTACEA. 7. The MYRIA- PODA. f These considerations, however, have not been overlooked, and I have used them advantageously in grouping families, and arranging them in a natural order, as may be seen by a reference to the historical sketches which precede the exposition of those families. I have even been employed on a work respecting the metamorphosis nf Insects in general, which has not yet been published (see article "Insectes," Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. Ed. 2d), but which I have long been maturing, aud which I have communicated to my friends : I have made use of it in the course of my general remarks. VI PREFACE. Their organs of respiration are always internal, receiving air through concentrated stigmata, sometimes possessing functions ana- logous to those of lungs, and consisting at others of radiated tracheae, or such as ramify from their base ; the antennae are wanting, and they are usually furnished with eight feet. I divide this class into two orders : the Pulmonariee and the Trachearice. Two parallel tracheae, extending longitudinally through the body, furnished at intervals with centres of branches corresponding to the stigmata, and two antennae, characterize the class of Insects. Its primary divisions are founded on the three following considerations : 1. Apterous Insects which either undergo no metamorphoses, or but imperfect ones; the three first orders. 2. Apterous Insects which experience complete transformations; the fourth. 3. Insects having wings which they acquire by metamorphoses, either complete or incomplete; the last eight. I begin with the Arachnides antennistes of M. de Lamarck, which are comprised in this first division, and which form out three first orders. The second is composed of the fourth order, and contains but a single genus, that of Pulex : it would appear, in some respects, to be allied to the Diptera by means of the Hippoboscce; other cha- racters, however, and the nature of its metamorphoses, remove this genus from that of the Hippobosca?. It is very difficult in some cases to distinguish these natural filiations, and when we are fortunate enough to discover them, we are frequently compelled to sacrifice them to the perspicuity and facility of the system. To the known order of winged Insects, I have added that of the Stresiptera of Kirby, but under a new denomination viz., that of R/u'piptera, as the former appears to me to be founded on a false idea. Perhaps we should even suppress this order, according to the opinion of Lamarck, and unite it with that of the Diptera. For reasons elsewhere developed*, and which I could easily strengthen by additional proof, I attach more consequence to cha- racters drawn from the aerial locomotive organs of Insects, and to the general composition of their body, than to the modifications of the parts of the mouth, at least when their structure is essentially referable to the same type. Thus 1 do not commence by dividing these animals into Grinders and Suckers, but into those which have wings and wing-cases, and such as have four or two wings of the * Consid. G Lc^modipoda. I Amphipoda. LIsopoda. II. ENTOMOSTRACA. { SECTION I. MALACOSTRACA. a. Eyes placed on a moveable and articulated Pedicle. ORDER I. DECAPODA, 156 Fom. 1. BRACHYURA, 161 Cancer, 162 Pinnipedes, 163 Matuta, 163 Polybius, 163 Orythyia, 164 Podopthalmus, 164 Pcrtunus, 164 Platyonichus T 166 Arcuata, 166 Cancer proper, 166 , Cforodius, 167 Carpilius, 167 Xcmtho, 167* Pirimela, 167 Atelecyclus, 168 Thia, 168 Mursia,168 Hepatus, 16$ Quadrilatera, 169 Eriphia, 1 69 Trapezia, 170 Pilumnus, 170 Thelphusa, 170 Gonoplax, 171 Macropthalmus, 172 Gelasimus, 172 Ocypode, 173 Mictyris, 1?4 Pinnotheres, 174 Uca, 175 * Those genera which we mention accessorily, either because they are but slightly or not at all known to us, or because we unite them with others, are printed i* italics. INDEX. XXI ORDR I. DECAPODA (continued). Cardisoma, 175 Gecarcinus, 175 Plagusia, 176 Grapsus, 176 Orbiculata, 177 Corystes, 177 Loucosia, 178 7*a, 178 Iphis. 178 Nursia, 178 Arcanui, 178 7/ia, 178 Persephona, 178 Myra, 178 Leucosia, 178 Phylira, 179 Ebaiia, 179 Trigona, 179 Parthenope, 179 Lambrus, 180 Mithrax, 180 Acanthonyx, 180 Pisa, 181 Pericera, 181 (Viaia, 181 Micippe, 182 Stenocionops, 182 Camposcia, 182 Halimus, 182 Hyas, 183 Libinia, 183 Doclxa, 183 Egeria, 183 Leptopus, 184 Hymenosoma, 184 Inachus, 184 Achee.us, 185 Stenorhynchus, 185 Leptopodia, 185 Pactolus, 185 Lithodcs, 185 Cryptopoda, 186 Calappa, 186 ^Ethra, 187 Notopoda, 187 Homola, 187 Dorippe, 187 Dromia, 188 Dynomene, 188 Ranina, 189 XXI) 1NOKX. ORDER I. DECAPODA (continued). Fam. 2. MACROURA, 189 Astacus, 190 Anomala, 190 Albunea, 191 Hippa, 191 Remipes, 192 Birgus, 192 Pagurus, 193 Ccsnobita, 194 Payurns, 194 Prophylax, 194 Locustae, 194 Scyllarus, 195 Thenus, 195 Ibacus, 195 Palinurus, 196 Astacini, 196 Galathea, 197 Grimotea, 19? Munida, 198 JEglea, 198 Janira, 198 Porcellana, 198 Monolepis, 198 Megalopus, 199 Gebia, 199 Thalassina, 199 Callianassa, 200 Axius, 200 Eryon, 201 Astacus proper, 20 1 Nephrops, 201 Carides, 202 Peneeus, 203 Stenopus, 204 Atya, 204 Crangon, 204 Processa, 205 Hymenocera, 205 Gnathophyllum, 206 Pontonia, 206 Alpheus,206 Hyppolite, 206 Autonomera, 206 Pandalus, 206 Palsemon, 207 Sysmata, 208 Atlianas, 208 Pasiphaea, 208 Mysis, 208 INDEX. xxiii ORDER I. DECAPODA ( continued). Cryptopus, 209 Mulcion, 209 ORDER II. STOMAPODA, 209 Faro. 1. UNIPRLTATA, 212 Squilla,212 Squilla proper, 213 Gonodactylus, 213 Coronis, 214 Krichthus, 214 Alima, 214 Faro. 2. BIPKLTATA, 214 Phyllosoma, 215 b. Eyes sessile and immoveable. ORDIR III. AMPHIPODA, 217 Gammarus, 217 Phronima, 218 Hyperia, 218 Phrosine, 218 Dactylocera, 219 lone, 219 Orchestia, 220 Taliprus, 220 Atylus, 2*20 Gammarus proper, 220 Melita, 221 Msera, 221 Amphithoe, 221 Pherusa, 221 Dexamine, 221 Lencothoe, 221 Cerapus, 222 Podocerus, 222 Jassa, 222 Corophium, 222 Pterygocera, 223 Apseudes, 223 Typhis, 223 Anceus, 224 Praniza, 224 Ergine, 224 ORDER IV. LJEMODIPODA, 224 Cyamiis, 225 Leptomera, 225 Naupredia, 226 Caprella, 226 Cyamus proper, 226 XXIV INDEX. ORDER V. ISOPODA, 226 Oniscus, 228 Bopyrus, 228 Scrolls, 229 Cymothoa, 229 Ichthyophilus, 229 Nerocila, 229 Livoneca, 229 Canolira, 229 JEga, 230 Rocinela, 230 Conilira, 230 Synodus, 230 Nelocira, 230 Eurydice, 230 Limnoria, 231 Sphseromides, 231 Zuzara, 231 Sphseroma, 232 Nzesa, 232 Campecopea, 232 Cilicsea, 232 Cymodocea, 232 Dynamene, 232 Anthura, 232 Idoteides, 233 Idotea, 233 Stenosoma, 233 Arcturus, 233 Asellota, 233 Asellus, 233 Oniscoda, 234 Jsera, 234 Oniscides, 234 Tylos, 234 Ligia, 235 Philoscia, 235 Oniscus proper, 235 Porcellio, 236 Armadillo, 236 SECTION II. ENTOMOSTRACA. ORDER I.BRANCHIOPODA, 238 Monoculus, 239 Lophyropa, 239 Zoea, 240 Nebalia,24I Condyl ura, 241 Cyclops, 242 Cythere, 245 1NDBX. ORDER I.~BRANCHIOPODAr^n^ntt^/, Cypris, - Sida, 247 Latona, 247 Polyphemus, 243 Daphnin, 248 LyiicciN. Phyl'lopn i/imnadi.-i, 254 Artemin, 25 liranchipu.-*, 25."> Eulimenc. 257 Apns, 258 ORDER II. P/ECILOPODA, 2G1 Frtm. 1. XYPIIOSURA, 261 Limulus, 262 Tachypleus, 264 Fam. 2. SIPHONOSTOMA, 264 Tribe l.Caliyides, 264 Argulus, 265 Caligus, 268 Caligus proper, 269 Pterygopoda, 269 Pandartts, 269 Dinemoura, 269 Anthosoma, 269 Cecrops, 270 Tribe 2.--Lcrneiformes, 270 Dichelestium, 270 Nicothoo, 271 TltlLOniTES, 273, j Agnostus, 274 Calyraene, 274 Asaphus, 274 Ogygia, 274 Paradoxides, 274 CLASS II. ARACHNIDE& ORDER I. PULMONARI&J, 277 Fam. 4. ARANEIDBS, 279 Mygale, 286 My gale proper, 286 Cteniza, 281f Atypus, Kriodon. VOL. III. ->|.H XXY1 INDEX. ORDER I. PULMONARLE (continued}. Dysdera, 29 1 Filistata, 291 Aranea, 291 Tubitelae, 29 J Clotho,291 Drassus, 293 Segestria, 294 Clubiona, 295 Aranea proper, 295 Argyroneta proper, 295 Inequitelse, 295 Scytodes, 29G Theridion, 296 Episinus, 296 Pholcus, 296 Orbitelse, 297 Linyphia, 297 Uloborus, 298 Tetragnatha, 298 Epeira, 298 Laterigradae, 301 Micrommata, 301 Senelops, 302 Philodromus, 303 Thomisus, 304 Storena, 305 Citigradse, 305 Oxyopes, 305 Ctenus, 306 Dolomedes, 306 Lycosa, 306 Myrmecia, 307 Saltigradse, 308 Tessarops, 308 Palpimanus, 309 Eresus, 309 Salticus, 309 Fam. 2. PEDIPALPI, 310 Tarantula, 310 Phrynus, 311 - Thelyphonus, 3 1 1 Scorpio, 311 ORDER II. TRACHEARI^E, 313 Fam. 1. PSEUDO-SCORPIONES, 315 Galeodes, 315 Chelifer, 315 . 2. PYCNOGONIDES, 317 Pycnogonum, 318 INDEX. XXV11 ORDER II. TRACHEARIjEfcon/inu^ . Phoxichilus, 318 Nymphon, 318 Ammothea, 318 Fam. 1. HOLETRA, 318 Tribe \.-Phalangita, 318 Phalangium, 319 Gonoleptes, 319 Siro, 320 Macrocheles, 320 Trogulus, 320 Tribe 2. Acarides, 320 Acarus, 320 Trombidium, 321 Erythraeus, 321 Gamasus, 321 Cheyletus, 322 Oribata, 322 Uropoda, 322 Acarus proper, 322 Bdella, 322 Smaridia, 323 Ixodes, 323 Argas, 324 Eylais, 325 Hydrachna, 325 Limnochares, 325 Caris, 325 Leptus, 325 Aclysia, 325 Atoma, 326 Ocypete, 326 CLASS III INSECTA. ORDER I. MYRIOPODA, 345 Fam. 1. CHILOONATHA, 347 lulus, 349 Gloraeris, 349 lulus broper, 949 Polydesmus, 350 Pollyxenus, 350 Fam. 2. CHILOPODA, 350 Scolopendra, 35 1 Scutigera, 352 Lithobius, 352 Scolopendra proper, 352 XXV111 ORDER II. THYSANOUHA, 3.1 :i Font. 1. LEPISMEN/E, 353 Lepiema, 353 Machilis, 354 Lepisma proper, 354 Fam. 2. PODURELLJE, 355 Podura, 355 Podura proper, 355 Smynthurus r 855 ORDER III. PARASITA, 356 Pediculus, 356 Pediculus proper, 35$ Hsematopinus, 357 Ricinus, 357 Trichodectes, 358 Gyropus, 358 Liotheum, 358 Philopterus, 35 & Goniodes, 358 Triongulw, 358 ORDER IV. SUCTORIA, 359 Pulex, 36Q ORDER V.COLEOPTERA, 361 PENTAMERsL Fam. 1. CARNIVORA, 363 Tribe l. Cicindeletce, 365 Cicindela, 365 Manticora, 365 Megacephala, 366 Oxyclieila, 366 Euprosopus, 366 Cicindela proper, 36(* Ctenostoma, 367 Therates, 368 Colliuris, 368 Tricondyla, 369 Tribe Z.Carabici, 369 Carabus, 369 Truncatipennes, 369 Anthia, 370 Graphiptenis,37(> Aptinus, 370 Biachinus, JJ71 Corsyra, 372 Casnonia, 373 xxx ORDER V. COLEOFrERA (continued). Leptotmchelus, 373 Odacantha, 373 Zuphiom, 373 Polistichus, 374 Helluo, 374 Drypta, 374 Trichognatha, 3'.") Galerita, 375 Cordistcs, 375 Ctcnodactyla, 37 G Agra, 37(>' Cymindis, 376 Calleida, 376 Deme trios, 27 G Dromiajs, 377 Lebia, 377 Plochiouus, 377 Orthogonlus, 377 Coptodera, 377 Bipartiti, 378 Enceludus, 378 Siagona, 378 Carenum, 379 Pasiraachua, 380 Acanthosceli?; 380 Scarites, 380 OxygnatJms, 38 1 Oxystomus, 382 Camptodontus, 382 Clivina, 382 Dischirius, 382 Mirio, 383 Ozrena, 383 Ditomus, 383 Aristus> 383 Apotomus, 383 Qiuulrimani, 384 Acinopus, 384 Daptus, 385 Harpalus, 385 Ophonus, 385 Stcnolophus, 386 Acupalpus, 3S6 Simpliciiuaui, 386 Xabrus, 387 Pogonus. 387 iagoiioilciu>, 388 Feroiiia, 388 , 389 XXX INDEX. ORDER V.COLEOPTERArco/iMcrf>. Argutor, 389 Omaseus, 389 Platysma, 389 Pterostichus, 389 Abax, 389 Steropus, 389 Percus, 389 Molops, 390 Cophosus, 390 Cheporus, 390 Myas, 391 Trigonomota, 381 Pseudo-morpha, 391 Cephalotes, 391 Stomis, 391 Catascopus, 391 Colpodes, 392 Pericalus, 392 Mormolyce, 392 Sphodrus, 392 Ctenipus, 393 Calathus, 393 Taphria, 393 Patellimani, 393 Dolichus, 394 Platynus, 394 Agonum, 394 Anchomenus, 395 Callistus, 395 Oodes, 395 Chlaenius, 395 Epomis, 395 Dinodes, 395 Lissauchenus, 395 Rembus, 396 Dicselus, 396 Licinus, 396 Badister, 396 Pelecium, 397 Cynthia, 397 Panagaeus, 397 Loricera, 398 Patrobus, 398 Grandipalpi, 398 Pamborus, 399 Cychrus, 399 Scaphinotus, 899 Sphaeroderus, 399 Tefflus, 400 Procerus, 400 INDEX. XXXI ORDER V.~ COLEOPTERA (continued; . Procrustes, 400 Carabus proper, 400 Plecte*. 400 Cechenus, 400 Calosoma, 402 Pogonophorus, 403 Nebria, 403 Alprcus, 403 Oinophron, 403 Klapl.ru*, 404 Blethisa, 404 Pelophilus, 404 Notiophilus, 405 Subulipalpi, 405 Bembidium, 405 Tachypus, 405 Lopha, 405 Notaphus, 406 Peryphus, 406 Leja, 406 Trechus, 406 Blemus, 406 Tribe 3. Hydrocanthari, 4Q6 Dytiscus, 406 Dytiscus proper, 409 Colymbetes, 410 Hygrobia, 410 Hydroporus, 410 Noterus, 41 1 Haliplus, 411 Gyrinus, 411 Fam. 2. BRACHELYTRA, 413 Staphylinus, 413 Fissilabra. 414 Oxyporus, 414 Astrapaeus, 415 Staphylinus proper, 415 Xantholinus, 415 PinophUus, 416 Lathrobium, 416 Longipalpi,416 Paedenis, 416 Procirrus, 4 1 6 Stilicus, 416 Evosthetus, 417 Stenus,417 Denticrura, 417 Oxytelus, 417 Osorius, 417 INDEX. ORDER V.- COLEOPTERA (continued) . Zyrophorus, 418 Prognatlm, 418 Coprophilus, 418 Depressa, 418 Omalium,418 Lesteva, 418 Micropeplus, 418 Protein us, 41!) Alcochara, 419 Microcephala, 419 Lomcchusa, 419 Tachinus, 419 Tachyporus, 420 . 3. SERRICORNES, 420 SECTION I. STERNOXI. Tribe 1 . Ruprestides, 421 Buprestis, 421 Buprestis proper, 422 Trachys, 423 Aphanisticus, 423 Melasis, 423 Tribe 2.Elaterides, 424 Elatcr, 424 Galba, 425 Eucncmis, 425 Adelocera, 425 Lissomus, 4*26 Chelonarium, 426 Throscus, 42 G Cerophytum, 427 Cryptostoma, 427 Nematodes, 427 Herairhipus, 427 Stenicera, 427 Elater proper, 428 Campylus, 429 Phyllocerue, 429 SECTION II. MALACODERMI. Tribe 1. Cerbrionites, 429 Cel'rio, 429 Physodactyltis, 430 Cebrio proper, 430 Anelastes, 430 Callirhips, -131 IN'DKX. XXX111 ORDER V. COLEOPTERA (continued). Rhipicera, 431 Ptilodactyla, 432 Dascillus, 432 Elodc8, 432 ^yrtcs, 432 Nycteus, 432 Bubrit, 433 Trib 2.Lampyrides t 433 Lampyris, 433 ' Lye tis, 433 Dictyoptera, 434 Omalisus, 434 Phengodes, 43fi Lampyris proper, 436 Drilus, 437 Cochleoctonus, 437 Telephone, 438 Silis, 439 Malthinus, 439 Tribt &.Mdyrides, 439 Mrlyris, 439 Malachius, 439 Dasytes, 440 Zygia, 440 Melyris, 440 Pelocophorus, 441 Diglobicerus, 441 Tribt 4.Clerii, 441 Clerus, 441 Cylidrus, 441 Tilhis, 442 Priocora, 442 Axina, 442 Eurypus, 442 Thanasimus, 443 Opilo, 443 Clerus proper, 443 Necrobia, 443 Enoplium, 444 Trib 5. Ptiniores, 444 Ptinus, 445 Ptinus proper, 445 Gibbium, 445 Ptilinus,446 Xyletinus, 446 Dorcatoma, 446 A nohiinn, 416 YOL. 111. XXXIV INDEX. ORDKR V. COLEOPTERA (continued). SECTION III. Tribe 1 .Xylotrogi, 447 Lymexylon, 447 Atractoeerus, 447 Hylecaetus, 448 Lymexylon proper, 448 Cupes, 448 Rhysodes, 448 Fam. 4. CLAVICORNES, 449 SECTION I. Tribe l.Palpatores, 450 Mastigus, 450 Mastigus, 450 Scydmsenus, 450 Tribe 2. Hister&ides , 451 Hister, 451 Hololepta, 45 L Hister proper, 452 Platysoma, 452 Dendrophilus, 452 Abreeus, 452 Onthophilus, 452 Tribe 3.-Silphales, 453 Silpha, 453 Sphaeritcs, 453 Necrophorus, 454 Necrodes, 455 Silpha proper, 455 Thanatophilus, 456 Oiceptoma, 456 Phosphuga, 456 Necrophilus, 456 Argyrtes, 457 Tribe 4. Scaphidites, 457 Scaphidium, 457 Scaphidium proper, 457 Choleva, 458 Tribe 5. Nitidularice, 458 Nitidula, 458 Colobicus, 458 Thymalus, 459 Ips, 449 Nitidula proper, 159 Cercus, 4 Go Bvturus, 400 INDEX. XXXV ORDER V, COLEOPTERA (continued). Tribe 6.Engidites> 460 D<*cne, 460 Dacnc proper, 460 Cryptophagus, 461 Tribe 7. Dermestini, 461 Dermestes, 461 Aspidiphorus, 461 Dermestes proper, 462 Megatoma, 462 Limniclms, 462 Attagenus, 463 Trogoderma, 463 Anthrenus, 463 Globicornis, 463 Tribe S.Byrrhn, 464 Byrrhus, 464 \osodendron, 464 Byrrhus proper, 464 Tri nodes, 464 SECTION^!. Tiihe 1. Acanthopoda, 465 Heterocerus, 466 Tribe 2.Maorodactyla, 466 Dryops, 466 Potamophilus, 466 Dryops proper, 467 Elmis, 467 Macronychus, 467 Georissus, 467 Fam. 5. PALPICORNES, 467 Tribe 1 .Hydrophilii, 468 Hydrophilus, 468 "* Elophorus, 468 Hydrochus, 468 Ochthebius, 469 Hydraena, 469 Spercheus, 469 Globaria, 469 Hydrophilus proper, 470 Limnebius, 471 Hydrobius, 471 Berosus, 472 Tribe 2. Sph&ridiota, 472 Sphaeridium, 472 Cercydion, 472 INDEX. SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED. IN SECT A (CONTINUED). ORDER V.COLEOPT ERA (continued). Fam. 6. LAMELLICORNES, 1 Tribe l.Scaraba>ides, 1 Scarabaeus, 3 Coprophagi, 3 Ateuchus , 4 Pachysoma, 5 Gymnopleurus, 5 Sisyphus, 6 Cercellium, 6 Coprobius, 6 Chceridium, G Hyboma.) 6 Eurysternus, 6 Oniticellus, 7 Onthophagus, 7 Onitis, 8 Phanaeus, 8 Copris, 8 Aphodius, 9 Psammodius, 9 Euparia, 9 Arenicoli, 9 .Ki^alia 10 Chiron, 10 Lethrus, 11 Geotrupes, 11 Ochodaeus, 12 Athyreus, 13 Klephastomus, 13 Bolbocerus, 13 Hybosorus, 13 Acanthocerus, 14 Trox, 14 Phoberus, 14 Cryptodus, 14 Mfechidiu*. 14 Xylophili, 15 Oryctes, U VOL. IV. X INDEX. ORDER V. COLEOPTERA (continued). Agacephala, 15 Orpknus, \ 6 Scarabseus proper, 1 6 Phileurus, 17 Hexodon, 17 Cyclocephala, 17 Chrysophora, 18 Rutela, IS Macraspis, 18 Chasmodia, 18 Ometis, 19 Phyllophagi, 19 Pachypas, 20 Amblyteres, 20 Anoplognathus, 20 Leucothyreus, 21 Apogonia, 21 Geniates, 21 Melolontlia proper, 22 Rhisotrogus, 23 Amphimalla, 23 Ceraspis, 23 Areodes, 24 Dasypus, 24 Serica, 24 Diphucephala, 24 Macrodactylus, 24 Plectris, 25 Popilia, 25 Euchlora, 25 Mimela, 25 Ariisoptia, 25 Lepisia, 25 Dicrania, 26 Hoplia, 26 Rl-onocheles, 26 Anthobri, 26 Glaphyrus, 27 Amphicoma, 27 Antliipna, 27 Chasmopterus, 28 Chasme, 28 JHcheles, 28 Lepitrix, 28 Pachycncraus, 28^ Anisonyx, 29 Melitophili, 29 Trichius, 30 Platygenia, 31 INDEX. ORDER V. COLEOPTERA (continued). Cremastocheilus, 31 Goliath, 31 Inca. 31 Cetonia, 32 Gymnetis, 32 Macronota, 32 Trib 2.Lucanides, 33 Lucanus, 34 Sinodendron, 34 /Ksalus 34 Lnmprima, .34 Ryssonotup, 35 Pholidotus, 35 Lucanus proper, 35 Ceruchus, 36 Platycerus, 36 Nigidius, 36 jEgus, 36 Fiyulus, 36 Syndesus, 36 Passalus, 36 Paxillus, 37 HETEROMRRA. Fam. 1. MELASOMA, 38 Pimelia, 30 Pirn el ia proper, 40 Tr achy derma, 40 Cryptocheile, 4 1 Erodius, 41 Zophosis, 4 1 Nyctelia, 41 Hegeter, 42 Tentyria, 42 Akis, 42 Elenophorus, 43 Eurychora, 43 Adelostoma, 43 Tagenia, 44 Psammetichus, 44 Scaurus, 44 Scotobius, 44 Sepidium, 45 Trachynotus, 45 Moluris, 45 , 46 Oxura, 46 Acanthomcra, 46 Misolampus, 47 xii INDEX. ORDER V. COLEOPTVAl A (continued). Blaps proper, 47 Gonopus, 47 Heteroscelis, 48 Machla, 48 Scotinus, 48 Asida, 49 Pedinus, 4.9 Opatrinus,49 Dendarus, 49 Heliophilus, 49 Eurynotus, 50 Isocejrus, 50 Pedinus, Dej., 50 Blaptinus, 50 Platyscelis, 50 Tenebrio, 50 Cryptichus, 51 Opatrum, 51 Corticus, 52 Orthocerus, 52 Chiroscelis, 52 Toxicum, 52 Boros, 52 Calcar, 52 Upis, 53 Tenebrio proper, 53 Heterotarsus, 53 Fain. 3. TAXICORNKS, 53 Tribe 1 . Diaperiales, 54 Diaperis, 54 Phaleria, 54 Diaperis proper, 55 Neomida, 55 Hypophlaeus, 56 Trachyscelis, 56 Leiodes, 56 Tetratoma, 56 Eledona, 56 Coxelus, 57 Tribe 2. Cossypkenes, 57 Cossyphus y 57 Cossyphus proper, 57 Helaeus, 57 Nilio, 58 Fam. 3. STENELYTRA, 58 Tribe 1 Helopii, 58 Helops, 59 SECOND GREAT DIVISION OP THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.OO ANIMALIA MOLLUSCA.* The Mollusca have neither an articulated skeleton nor a vertebral canal. Their nervous system is not united into a spinal marrow, but merely into a certain number of medullary masses distributed in differ- * N.B. Linnaeus united all invertebrate animals without articulated limbs in a single class, under the name of VERM ES, dividing them into five orders : the INTES- TINA, embracing some of my Annclides and Intestina ; the MOLLUSCA, comprehend- ing my Naked Mollusca, my Echinodermata, and part of my Intestina and Zoophytes ; the TESTACEA, comprising my A/oWuscaand Annelideswith shells; the LYTHOPHYTA, or Stony Corals ; and the ZOOPHYTES, embracing the remainder of the Polypi, some of the Intestina and the Infusoria. Hfo regard whatever was paid to nature in this arrangement, and Brugie're, Encycl. Method., endeavoured to rectify it. He there established six orders of worms, viz. the INFURIOSA ; the INTESTINA, including the Annelides ; the MOL- LUSCA, uniting several of my Zoophytes to my true Mollusca ; the ECHINODERMATA, which only comprised Echinus and Asterias ; the TESTACEA, nearly the same as those of Linnaeus ; and the ZOOPHYTES, under which name he included the Corals only. This arrangement was merely superior to that of Linnaeus in the more com- plete approximation of the Annelides, and by the distinction it effected of a part of the Echinodermata. I proposed a new arrangement of all the invertebrate animals, founded on their internal structure, in a paper read before the Societ d'Histoire Naturelle on the loth of May 1795, of which my subsequent labours on this part of natural history are the development. 0^ (a) It is proper to inform our readers that in placing this Division of the Animal Kingdom after the Fishes, we have made a correction of the confused arrangement which exists in the volumes of the French Original, and by which the Mollusca and the Zoophytes were placed in juxta position, whilst the Insects fol- 1 the latter. Cuvier was under the necessity of yielding to the circumstances which imposed upon him the inconvenient plan pursued by him in these volumes ; and they arose from his wish to devote the whole of the last two volumes of the oridnal to the labours of M. Latreillc, who has supplied the description of the I -ts. In his preface to the third volume the author explains his motives, and as they have been above substantially stated, we will merely add the remainder of the remarks contained in this preface. He states the reasons which delayed the pnblica- VOL. III. B 2 MOLLUSCA. ent points of the body, the chief of which, termed the brain, is situated transversely on the oesophagus, and envelopes it with a ner- vous collar. Their organs of motion and of the sensations have not the same uniformity as to number and position, as in the Vertebrata, and the irregularity is still more striking in the viscera, particularly as respects the position of the heart and respiratory organs, and even as regards the structure of the latter ; for some of them respire elastic air, and others salt or fresh water. Their external organs, however, and those of locomotion, are generally arranged symme- trically on the two sides of an axis. The circulation of the Mollusca is always double ; that is, their pulmonary circulation describes a distinct and perfect circle. This function is also always aided by at least one fleshy ventricle, situated between the veins of the lungs and the arteries of the body, and not as in fishes between the veins of the body and the arteries of the lungs. It is then an aortic ventricle. The family of Cephalopoda alone are provided besides with a pulmonary ventricle, which is even divided into two. The aortic ventricle is also divided in some genera, as in Area and Linyula; at others, as in other bivalves, its auricle only is divided. When there is more than one ventricle they are not joined in a single mass, as in the warm-blooded animals, but are frequently placed at a considerable distance from each other, and in this case the animal may be said to have several hearts. The blood of the Mollusca is white or bluish, and it appears to con- tain a smaller proportionate quantity of fibrine than that of the Vertebrata. There are reasons for believing that their viens fulfil the functions of absorbent vessels. Their muscles are attached to various points of their skin, forming tissues there, which are more or less complex and dense. Their motions consist of various contractions varying in their direction, which produce inflexions and prolongations together with relaxations tion of the third volume for a long time after the appearance of the fourth ; among the most prominent of which were the number of changes in the genera, and in the distribution of species, he was compelled to make by recent discoveries. He also acknowledges his obligations to the works of the late lamanted M. de Lamarck, and those of MM.de Blainville, Savigny, Ferussac, Des Heyes, D'Orbigny, Rudolphi, Bremser, Otto, Leuckart, Chamisso, Eisenhardt, Rang, Sowerby, Charles Desmou- lins, Quoy and Gaymard, Delle Chiaje, Defrance, Deslonchamp, Audouin, Milne Edwards, Duge"s, Moquin Tandon, Morren, Ranzani, and other savans whom he names in different places. He concludes by regretting that he had not received in time certain very recent works, which would have supplied him with valuable materials, particularly the Syst. Acaleph., Berlin, 1829, 4to, of M. Esch- holtz, and the article Zoophytes of the Diet, des Sc. Nat., of M. de Blainville, which was not then published. ENG. Eo. MOLLUSOA. 3 of their different parts, by means of which they creep, swim, and seize upon various objects, just as the form of these parts may permit; but as the limbs are not supported by articulated and solid levers, they cannot perform very rapid advances in progression. The irritability of most of them is extremely great, and remains for a long time after they are divided. Their skin is naked, very sensible, and usually covered with a humour that oozes from its pores ; no particular organ of smell has ever been detected in them, although they enjoy that sense ; it may possibly reside in the entire skin, for it greatly resembles a pituitary membrane. All the Cephala, Brachiopoda, Cirrhopoda, and part of the Gasteropoda and Ptero- poda, are deprived of eyes ; the Cephalopoda on the contrary have them at least as complicated as those of the warm-blooded animals. They are the only ones in which the organ of hearing has been discovered, and whose brain is enclosed with a particular cartila- ginous box. Nearly all the Mollusca have a development of the skin which covers their body, and which bears more or less resemblance to a mantle; it is often however narrowed into a simple disk, or is formed into a pipe, or hallowed into a sac, or lastly is extended and divided in the form of fins. The Naked Mollusca are those in which the mantle is simply membranous or fleshy ; most frequently however one or several laminae, of a substance more or less hard, is formed in its thickness, deposited in layers, and increasing in extent as well as in thickness, because the recent layers always overlap the old ones. When this substance remains concealed in the thickness of the mantle, it is still customary to style the animals Naked Mollusca. Most generally, however, it becomes so much developed, that the contracted animal finds shelter beneath it ; it is then termed a shell, and the animal is said to be testaceous ; the epidermis which covers it is thin, and sometimes desiccated ;* it is called drapmar- in(a). The variety in the form, colour, surface, substance and brilliancy * Until my labours on the subject were made public, tbe Testacea constituted a particular order; but there are so many insensible transitions from the Naked Mollusca to the Testacea, and their natural divisions form such groups with each other, that this distinction can no longer exist. Besides this, there are several of the Testacea which are not Mollusca. Q3 (a) This name is given to a woolly texture which covers the outside of several univalve shells. ENG. ED. B2 4 MOLLTJSCA. of shells, is infinite ; most of them are calcareous ; some are simply horny, but they always consist of matters deposited in layers, or exuded from the skin under the epidermis, like the mucous covering, nails, hairs, horns, scales, and even teeth. The tissue of shells differs according as this transudation is deposited either in parallel laminae or in crowded vertical filaments. All the modes of mastication and deglutition are illustrated in the Mollusca; here the stomachs are simple, there they are com- plicated, and frequently provided with a peculiar armature; their intestines are variously prolonged. They most generally have salivary glands, and always a large liver, but neither pancreas nor mesentery : several have secretions which are peculiar to them. They also present examples of all the varieties of the process of generation. Several of them possess the faculty of self-impregna- tion ; others, although hermaphrodites, require a reciprocal coitus, while in many the sexes are separated. The first are viviparous, and the others oviparous ; the eggs of the latter are sometimes en- veloped with a harder or softer shell, and sometimes with a simple viscosity. These varieties of the digestive and generative processes are found in the same order, and sometimes in the same family. The Mollusca in general appear to be animals that are but slightly developed, possessed of but little industry, and which are only pre- served by their fecundity and their tenacity of life. Division of the Mollusca into Six Classes.* The general form of the body of the Mqllusca, being in propor- tion to the complication of their internal organization, indicates their natural division.! The body of some resembles a sac open in front, containing the branchiae, whence issues a well developed head crowned with long and strong fleshy productions, by means of which they crawl, and seize various objects. These we term the Cephalopoda. That of others is closed ; the appendages of the head are either wanting or are extremely reduced; the principal organs of locomotion are two wings or membranous fins, situated on the sides of the neck, * M. de Blainville has substituted the name of Malacozoaires for that of Mol lusca, separating from them the Chitons and CirrMpoda, which he calls Malenlo- zoasrcs. f The whole of this arrangement of the Mollusca, and most of the secondary subdivisions, belong exclusively to me. CEPHALOPODA. 5 and which frequently support the branchial tissue. They constitute the Pterupoda. Others again crawl by means of a fleshy disk on their belly, some- times, though rarely, compressed into a fin, and have almost always a distinct head before. We call these the Gasteropoda. A fourth class is composed of those in which, the mouth remains hidden in the bottom of the mantle, which also encloses the branchiae and viscera, and is open either throughout its length, at both ends, or at one extremity only. Such are our Acephala. A fifth comprises those, which, also inclosed in a mantle and with- out an apparent head, have fleshy or membranous arms, furnished with cilia of the same nature. We term these Brachiopoda. Finally, there are some, which, although similar to the other Mollusca in the mantle, branchiae, &c., differ from them in numerous horny and articulated limbs, and in, a nervous system more nearly allied to that of the Articulata. They will constitute our last class, or that of the Cirrhopoda. CLASS I. CEPHALOPODA.* THEIR mantle unites under the body, forming a muscular sac which envelopes all the viscera. In several, its sides are extended into fleshy fins. The head projects from the opening of the sac; it is rounded, furnished with two large eyes, and crowned with longer or shorter conical and fleshy arms or feet, capable of being flexed in every direction, and extremely vigorous, the surface of which is armed with suckers or cup$ (a) which enable them to adhere with great tenacity to every body they embrace. These feet are their instru- ments of prehension, natation, and walking. They swim with the head backwards, and crawl in all directions with the head beneath and the body above. A fleshy funnel placed at the opening of the sac, before the neck, affords a passage to the excretions. The Cephalopoda have two branchiae within the sac, one on each * M. dc Blainville has changed this name to that of Cephalophora. M. de Lamarck at first united my Cephalopoda and Gasteropoda under the* common name of Ccphala, but having subsequently increased the number of classes, he resumed that of Cephalopoda. 0^7* (a) The original is ccntouses, which means, literally", qupping glasses. ENG. ED. 6 MOLLUSCA. side, resembling a highly complicated fern leaf ; the great vena cava, having arrived between them, divides into two branches, which pour their contents into two fleshy ventricles, each of which is placed at the base of the branchiae on its own side, and propels the blood into it. The two branchial veins communicate with a third ventricle, situated near the bottom of the sac, which, by means of various arteries, distributes the blood to every part of the body. Respiration is effected by the water which flows into the sac and issues through the funnel. It appears that it can even penetrate into two cavities of the peritoneum, traversed by the vena cava in their passage to the branchiae, and act upon the venous blood by means of a glandular apparatus attached to those veins. Between the bases of the feet we find the mouth armed with two stout horny jaws, resembling the beak of a parrot. Between the two jaws is a tongue bristling with horny points ; the oesophagus swells into a crop, and then communicates with a gizzard as fleshy as that of a bird, to which succeeds a third membranous and spiral stomach, which receives the bile from the two ducts of the very large liver. The intestine is simple and short. The rectum termi- nates in the funnel. These animals are remarkable for a peculiar and intensely black excretion, with which they darken the surrounding water when they wish to conceal themselves. It is produced by a gland, and retained in a sac, variously situated, according to the species. Their brain, which is contained in a cartilaginous cavity of the head, gives off a cord on each side which produces a large ganglion in each orbit, whence are derived innumerable optic filaments ; the eye consists of several membranes, and is covered by the skin which becomes diaphanous in that particular spot, sometimes forming folds which supply the want of eyelids. The ear is merely a slight cavity, on each side near the brain, without semicircular canals or an exter- nal meatus, where a membranous sac is suspended which contains a little stone. The skin of these animals, of the Octopi particularly, changes colour in places, by spots, with a rapidity which greatly surpasses that of the cameleon.* The sexes are separated. The ovary of the female is in the bottom of the sac : two oviducts take up the ova and pass them out through * See Carus, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., XII., part I, p. 320, and Sangiovanni, Ann. dts Sc. Nat. XVI, p. 308. CEPHALOPODA. 7 two large glands which envelope them in a viscid matter, and collect them into clusters. The testis of the male, placed like the ovary, communicates with a vas deferens which terminates in a fleshy penis, situated on the left of the anus. A bladder and prostate terminate there likewise. There is reason to believe that fecundation is effected by sprinkling, as is the case with most fishes. In the spawn- ing season the bladder contains a multitude of little filiform bodies, which, by means of a peculiar mechanism, are ruptured the moment they reach the water, where they move about with great rapidity, and diffuse a humour with which they are filled. These animals are voracious and cruel ; possessed both of agility and numerous modes of seizing their prey, they destroy immense quantities of fish and Crustacea. Their flesh is eaten ; their ink is employed in painting, and the Indian, or China ink is supposed to be made from it.* The Cephalopoda comprise but a single order, which is divided into genera, according to the nature of the shell. Those which have no external shell, according to Linnaeus, formed but the single genus, (a) SEPIA, Lin.* Which is now divided as follows : OCTOPUS, Lam. Polypus of the ancients, Have but two small conical granules of a horny substance, on the * M. Ab. Rtfmusat, however, can find nothing in the authors of China which confirms this idea, t" M. de Blainville makes an order of them, which he calls the CRYPTODIBRAN- CH1TA. 0^ (a) Of courso this genus in not included is theTestacea, although it is custom- ary for certain amateur naturalists to regard the cuttle-fish (sepia officinalis) as a shell- fish. In the system of Lamarck, the Cephalopoda constitute the fourth order of his Twelfth Class of Invertebrated Animals. He has arranged the genera, (some of which are noticed in the present section by Cuvier), in the following manner, for which we are indebted to C. Dubois, Esq. TWELFTH CLASS. MOLLU8CA. Order IV.Cephalopodes. Character of the order: Mantle of the animal in the form of a sack, containing the lower part of the body ; head projecting above the sack, crowned with arms not articulated, furnished with suckers, which surround the mouth; two sessile eyes ; two corneous mandibles at the mouth ; three hearts ; the sexes separated. They live in the sea, floating at large, attaching themselves to marine bodies at \\l\\ : others only drag themselves along, by means of their arms, at the bottom of the water, or on its banks ; the greater part of these are generally secluded in the 8 MOLLUSCA. two sides, of the thickness of the back ; the sac, having no fins, re- sembles an oval purse ; eight feet, all of which are about equal, very large in proportion to the body, and united at the base by a mem- brane ; they are employed by the animal in swimming, crawling, and seizing its prey. The length and strength of these limbs render them fearful weapons, which it twines round animals ; in this way it has even destroyed men while bathing. The eyes are small in pro- portion, and the skin contracts over them so tightly as to cover them hollows of rocks. They are all carnivorous, living on crabs or any other marine animals which they are able to catch, the singular position of their arms greatly facilitating the necessity they are under of bringing their prey to their mouths, where the two strong mandibles enable them to break and crush the hard bodies with which some of their food is covered. Some of them are entirely naked ; others live in a thin unilocular shell, which envelopes them, and in which they float on the surface of the water ; and there are others which have a multilocular shell, either completely or partially internal. First Division Cephalopodes-polythalames. (Immerges) TESTACEOUS Ce'phalopodes Shell multilocular, enveloped completely, or only parti- ally enclosed in the posterior part of the animal's body, often closely adhering. C Shell multilocular, with septa plain and sim- ple at the edges, the divisions of them not exhibiting any su- tures on the internal thickness of the sub- stance: shell straight or nearly so ; not in a spiral form. The greater number of these shells are only Genus Belemnites. .... Orthocera . .... Nodosaria . .... Hippurites . .... Conilites . 'First Family. Les Orthocres Spirolina' '!'.!! \ Sccond Lituola ...... J Les Lituol&s known in state. a fossil " Shell party in a spiral form, the whorls se- parated or connected with each other, the last continued in a right line. The sep- ta are generally tra- versed by a syphon, which in some spe- cies being continued in a straight line, occasions the last one to have from three to six perfora- tions. The first ge- nus is known in a recent state only; and Pron has as- certained that the body of the animal is contained in the last septum only, and the shell enveloped by its posterior part. CEPHALOPODA. entirely at the will of the animal. The receptacle of the ink i* seat- ed in the liver ; the glands of the oviducta are small. Some of them POLYPUS, Aristotle. Have two alternate rows of cups along each foot. The common species, Sepia octopodia, Lin., with a slightly Genus Renulina . CristelJaria. . . . Orbiculimi . Miliola ., Gyrogona Melouia . Rotalia . . . Lenticulina. Placentula . Discorbis . . Siderolites . . Polystomella Vorticialis .. Nummulites Nautilus Third Family. Les Cristac&s. Fourth Family. Les Spherules | Fifth Family. Les Radicles . . > Sixth Family. Les Nautilac&s Shell semidiscoid;mul- tilocular, with sim- ple septa ; the spire eccentric. "Shell globose, niultilo- cular, with simple septa, spheroidal or oval ; the whorls of the spire enveloping, or the chambers uni- ted in a tunic. Shell discoid, multilo- cular with simple septa, spire central, chambers lengthened and discoid, extend- ingjfrom the centre to the circumference. f Shell discoid, spire cen- trical, cells short, and in a spiral line not extending from the centre to the cir- cumference. The greater number are fossil species. The septa, as in the pre- ceding genera, sim- ple, neither notched nor undulated on the internal partition of the testaceous exte- rior. i Ammonites. "1 Orbulites I Ammonoceras. . f Seventh Family. Les Ammondes < Torrilites .... I Buculites .... J " Shell multilocular ; sep- ta sinuous, lobed, and cut in their con- tour, uniting toge- ther against the in- ternal partition of the shell, and arti- culated in sinuous sutures divided and dentated. Most of these are known only in a fossil state. Second Division. C^phalopode3-monothaJame$.^ Navigators. f Shell unilocular, alto- 10 MOLLUSCA. rough skin, arms six times the length of its body, and irnished with one hundred and twenty pairs of cups, infests the coasts of Europe in summer, and destroys immense numbers of fishes and Crustacea. The seas of hot climates produce another, Sepia rugosa, Bosc. ; Seb., Ill, ii. 2, 3, whose body is rougher ; arms some- what longer than the body, furnished with ninety pairs of cups. It is from this species that some authors suppose the Indian Ink is procured. Others again, ELEDON, Aristotle, Have but a single row of cups along each foot. One of them, the Poulpe musque, Lam., Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat. 4to, pi. ii; Rondelet, 515*, is found in the Mediter- ranean, which is remarkable for its musky odour. ARGONAUTA, Lin. These are Octopi with two rows of cups, the pair of feet which are nearest to the back being dilated at the extremity into a Third Division. Cephalopodes-sepiares. Pulpy Animals. o shell either exter- nal or internal ; a so- lid body, free, cres- ted, or horned, and Genus Octopus .... 1 contained in the in- .... Loligopsis .. .. Loligo . .... Sepia . . . terior of most of these animals. Some crawl at the bottom of the sea, others have the faculty of swimming on its surface. Fifth Order. Les Heteropodes. BODY free, elongated, swimming horizontally; head distinct; two eyes; the arms not in the form of a crown on the summit of the head ; no foot beneath the belly or under the throat for the purpose of crawling ; one or more fins, not disposed in pairs, or any regular order of distribution. These animals, though allied to the C^phalopodes, may be considered as the first vestiges of a series of marine animals, intermediate between them and the fishes, they probably are very nume- rous and much diversified, but have at present escaped observation, or their exami- nation has been neglected. f Shell free, elongated; animal swimming horizontally ; head distinct ; two eyes ; no arms surmount- ing the head in the form of a crown ; no foot or fins regular - u ly destributed. Genus Carinaria .... Pterotrachea ... Phylliroe * Add the Poulpe cirrhcaux, Lam., loc. cit., pi. i. f. 2, and, in general, severa' new species of the whole genus Sepia, which will shortly be published by M. de Fe*russac. CEPHALOPODA. 11 broad membrane. The two cartilaginous granules of the common Octopus are wanted, but these mollusca are always found in a very thin shell, symmetrically fluted and spirally convoluted, the last whorl of which is so large, that it bears some resemblance to a galley of which the spine is the poop. The animal makes a consequent use of it, and in calm weather whole fleets of them may be observed navi- gating the surface of the ocean, employing six of their tentacula as oars, and elevating the two membranous ones by way of a sail. If the sea becomes rough, or they perceive any danger, the Argonaut withdraws all its arms, concentrates itself in its shell, and descends to the bottom. The body of the animal does not penetrate to the bottom of the spires of the shell, and it appears that it does not adhere to it, at least, there is no muscular attachment, a circumstance which has induced some authors to believe, that its residence there is that of a parasite*, like the Pagurus Bernhardus, for instance. As it is always found in the same shell, however, and as no other animal is ever seen theref, although it is very common and so formed as to show itself frequently on the surface, and as the germ of it is visible even in the ovum of the Argonaut}:, this opinion must be considered as highly problematical, to say nothing more of it. The ancients were well acquainted with this singular animal and its manoeuvres. It is their Nautilus and their Pompilus, Pliny, IX, c. xxix. Several species are known, closely resembling each other both in the animal and the shell, which were united by Linnaeus under the name of Argonauta argo t or the Paper Nautilus^. BELLEROPHON, Montf. Certain fossil shells, so called, the animal of which is supposed to have been analogous to the Argonauts. They are spirally and sym- metrically convoluted, without seyta, but thick, and not fluted ; the last whorl proportionably shorter ||. LOLIGO, Lam. The Calmars have an ensiform lamina of horn in the back in lieu of a shell j the sac has two fins, and besides the eight feet promis- cuously loaded with litle cups on short pedicles, the head is furnished with two much longer arms, provided with cups near the end only, which is widened. The animal uses these latter to keep itself im- movable, as if at anchor. The receptacle of the colouring matter is * It is upon this hypothesis that M. Rafin and others have formed the animal into the genus OCYTHOE. f All that has been stated to the contrary, even in modern times, is founded upon report and conjecture. ; Poli, test. Ncapol., Ill, p. 10. See, also, Flrussac, Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat., II, p. 160, and Ranzani, Mem. di Stor. Nat. dec., 1, p. 85. Arg. argo, Favanne, VII, A, 2, A, 3 ; Arg. haustrvm, Delw., ib., A, 5 ; A. tuberculata, Shaw, Nat. Misc., 995 :A. naricula, Solander, Fav., VII, A, 7;^. Wow, Sol., Fav., VII., A, 6 -,A. Cranchii, Leach, Phil. Trans.. 1817. || Bellorophon tasulites, Montf., Conch. Syst., I. p. 51. See, also, Defrance, Ann. des Sc. Nat., I, p. 264. 12 MOLLUSCA. lodged in the liver, and the glands of the oviducts are very large. The coalescing eggs are deposited in narrow garlands, and in two rows. They are now subdivided according to the number and armature of the feet and the form of the fins. LOLIGOPSIS, Lam. Or the Calmarets, should have but eight feet as in Octopus ; they are only known, however, by drawings of but little authority*. In the true Loligo the long arms are furnished with cups like the other tentacula, and the fins are placed near the point of the sac. Three species are found in the European seas. L.vulgaris; Sepia loligo, L. ; Rondel., 506; Salv. 169. The common Calmar. Fins forming a rhomb at the bottom of the sac. L. sagittata, Lam. ; Seb., Ill, iv. The great Calmar. Fins forming a triangle at the bottom of the sac ; arms shorter than the body, and loaded with cups for about half their length. L. Media; Sep. media, L. ; Rondel, 508. The little Calmar. Fins forming an ellipsis at the bottom of the sac, which termi- nate in a sharp pointf . ONYKIA, Lesueur. ONYCHOTHEUTHIS, Lichtenst. Have the long arms furnished with cups terminating in hooks ; in other respects the form is the samej. SEPIOLA, Cuv. Have the rounded fins attached to the sides of the sac and not to its point. One species, S.vulgaris; S. sepiola, L. ; Rondel., 519, inhabits European seas. The sac is short and obtuse, and the fins small and cir- cular. It seldom exceeds three inches in length, and its horny lamina is as slender and sharp as a stilet. CHONDROSEPIA, Leukard. SEPIOTHEUTES, Blainv. The whole margin of the sac, on each side, bordered with the fins, as in Sepia ; but the shell horny, as in Loligo. * See, however, Leachia cyclura, Lesueur, Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., II, p. 89, and Krusenstern, Atlas, pi. Ixxxviii. f Add, Lol. Bartramii, Leseuer, Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., II, vii, 1, 2; Lol. Bart- lingii, Id., XCV; Lol. illecebrosa, Id., pi. F, No. 6; L. pelayica, JBosc., Vers., I, 1, 2 ; L. Pealii, Lesueur, I, c, viii, 1,2; L. Pavo. Id., XCVI ; L. brevipinna, Id., Ib., Ill, x. J On. caribcea, Lesueur, Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., II, ix, 1, 2 ; On. angulata, Id., Ib., I, 3 ; On. uncinata, Quoy and Gaym., Voy. Freycin., Zool., pi. vii, f. 66 ; On. Bergii, Licht., Isis, 1818, pi. xix; On. Fabricii, Ib., Id.; On. Banksii, Leach, App. Tuckey, pi. xviii, f. 2, copied Journ. de Phys., tome LXXXVI, June, f. 4 ; On. Smithii, Leach, Ib. f. 3, Journ. de Phys., Ib., 5. Chondrosepi loUgiformis f Leukard, App. Ruppel., pi. vi, f. 1. CEPHALOPODA. 13 SEPIA, Lam. The Sepise, properly so called, have the two long arms of a Loligo and a fleshy fin extending along the whole length of each side of the sac. The shell is oval, thick, convex, and composed of numerous and parallel calcareous laminae, united by thousands of little hollow columns, running perpendicularly from one to the other. This structure rendering it friable, causes it to be employed, under the of cuttle-bone, for polishing various kinds of work; it is also to small birds in aviaries, for the purpose of whetting their The ink-pouch of the Sapise is detached from the liver and situated more deeply in the abdomen. The glands of the oviducts are enor- mous. The eggs are produced attached to each other in branching clusters resembling those of grapes, and are commonly termed sea- grapes. The species most commonly found in the seas of Europe, Sepia officinalis, L. ; Rondel., 498, Seb., III., iii, attains the length of a foot and more. Its skin is smooth, whitish, and dotted with red. The Indian Ocean produces another, Sepia tuber ciilata, Lam. Soc. d'Hist. Nat., 4to. pi. i, f. 1*. NAUTILUS, Lin. IN this genus Linnaeus united all spiral, symmetrical and chambered shells, that is to say, such as are divided by septa into several cavities ; their inhabitants he supposed to be Cephalopoda. One of them, in fact, belongs to a Cephalopode that strongly resembles a Sepia, but it has shorter arms it forms the genus, SPIRULA, Lam. In the hind part of the body, which is that of a Sepia, is an inte- rior shell, which, although very different from the bone of that animal as to figure, differs but little in its formation. A correct idea of the latter may be obtained by imagining the successive laminae, instead of remaining parallel and approximated, to be concave towards the body, more ili.si:int, increasing but little in breadth, and forming an angle 1'ruveen them, thus producing an elongated cone, spirally convoluted in one plane and divided transversely into chambers. Such is the shell of the Spirula, which has additional characters consisting of a single hollow column that occupies the internal side of each chamber, continuing its tube with those of the other chambers to the very * Small bodies, armed with a spine are frequently found among Fossils they are the extremities of the bones of the Sepia. They constitute the genus BELOPTERA . Deshaycs. See my note on this subject, Ann. des Sc. Nat. II, xx, 1, 2. There arc some other but petrified Fossils, which appear to be closely allied to the above bones. They are the KYNCHOLITHKS of M. Faure Riguet. See Gail* lardot, Ann. des Sc. Nat., II, 485, and pi. xxii, and of Orbigny, (b., pi. vi. 1 4 MOLLUSOA. extremity of the shell this column is termed the siphon. The turns of the spire do not come into contact. But a single species, Nautilus spirula, L. ; List., 550, 2, is known. The NAUTiLUs,jproper/y so called, Has a shell which differs r from the Spirula in the sudden crossing of the laminae, and in the last turns of the spire, which not only touch the preceding ones but envelope them. The siphon occupies the centre of each septum. N.pompiliuS) L. ; List. 551, the most common species; it is very large, formed internally of a beautiful mother-of-pearl, and covered externally with a white crust varied with fawn-coloured bands or streaks (a). The animal, according to Rumphius, is partly contained within the last cell, has the sac, eyes, parrot-beak, and funnel of the other Cephalopoda ; but its mouth, instead of having their large feet and arms, is surrounded by several circles of numerous small tentacula without cups. A ligament arising from the back traverses the whole siphon and fastens it there*. It is also probable that the epidermis is extended over the outside of the shell, though we may presume it is very thin over the parts that are coloured. Individuals are sometimes found, Naut. powpilius, #, Gmel. ; List., 552 ; Ammonie, Montf., 74, in which the last whorl does not envelope -and conceal the others, but where all of them, though in contact, are exposed, a circumstance which approxi- mates them to the Ammonites ; they so closely resemble the common species, however, in all the rest of the shell, that it is scarcely possible to believe them to be any thing more than a variety of it. Fossil Nautili are found of a large or moderate size, and much more various, as to form, than those now taken in the oceanf. Chambered shells are also found among fossils, furnished with simple septa and a siphon, the body of which, at first arcuated, or even spirally convoluted, remains straight in the more recent parts ; they are the Lituus of Breyn, in which the whorls are sometimes contiguous^, and sometimes distinct the Hortoles of Montfort. * The figure of Rumphius is absolutely unintelligible, and it is somewhat asto- nishing, that, of the many naturalists who have visited the Indian Ocean, not one has ever examined or collected this curious animal, which belongs to so common a shell. f Large species, with a sinple siphon: the ANGULITE, Mont., f. 1, 6; the AGANIDE, Id., 50; the CANTROPE, Id., 46. J Nautilus lituus, Gm. ; Naut. semilituus, Plane., I, x. Qf (a) See a very beautiful illustration of a specimen of Nautilus, by Richard Owen, Esq. ENG. ED. CEPHALOPODA. 15 In others, the ORTHOCERATITES*, it is altogether straight. It is not improbable that the animals belonging to these shells, resem- bled that of Nautilus or of the Spirula. The BELEMNITES Probably belong also to this family, but it is impossible to ascertain tin- taut, as they are only found among fossils ; every thing, however, proves them to have been internal shells ; thin and double, that is, eomposed of two cones united at the base, the inner one much shorter than the other, and divided into chambers by parallel septa, which are concave on the side next to the base. A siphon extends from the summit of tin external cone to that of the internal one, and continues tlu nee, sometimes along the margin of the septa and sometimes tlm-ugh their centre. The interval between the two testaceous cones is filled with a solid substance, in some composed of radiating fibres, and in others, of self-involving conical layers, the base of each being on the margin of one of the septa of the inner cone. Sometimes we only iiud this solid portion, and at another we also find the nuclei of the chambers of the inner cone, or what are termed the honeycomb cells. Most commonly these nuclei and the chambers themselves i ive left no other traces than some projecting circles on the inside of the internal cone. In other specimens again we find 'more or fewer of the iiiu-lei. and still in piles, but detached from the double conical sheath that enveloped them. Of all fossils the Belemnites are the most abundant, particularly in chalk and compact limestone. f M. de Blainville divides them according to the greater or less depth to which the internal cone or chambered portion penetrates, or as the rdgos of the external cone have a small fissure or not, or as the exter- nal surface is marked on one side by a longitudinal furrow, or by two or more furrows towards the summit, or finally as that surface is smooth and without furrows. Bodies very similar to Belemnites, but without a cavity and with a rather prominent base, form the genus actinocamax of Miller.(a) It Breyn. de Polythal., pi. Hi, iv, v, and vi. ; and Walch, Petrif. of Knorr., Snpp. IV, b, iv, d, iv. See also Sage, Journ. de Phys. an. IX, pi. i, under the name of uite. t The best works on tbis singular genus of Fossils, are the Memoires sur Its Belemnites considerees zoologiquement el g&oloyiquemtnt , by M. de Blainville, Paris, 0^7* fa) Mr. Miller gives the following description of the genus Actinocamax which he has established and separated from the Belemnites. Gen. Char. A club-shaped Spathose concretion, consisting of two nearly equal, idiiuil adhering portions. Apex pointed: base a convex, but obtuse cone. Thr \\hole formrdof a series of enveloping fibrous laminae. Specific character. Act. verus. A club-shaped Spathose semi-transparent horn (olomol ronrrctinn ; base convex, obtuse, conical; apex submamillar. Sides de- pressed towards the lower end, showing two longitudinal, towards the apex branch- ing, impressions of blood vessels. The species was found in the Chalk Strata in Kent, Wiltshire, and Sussex, in the strata which contain marine animals, so that Mr. Miller does not hesitate to consider it as an inhabitant of the sea. ENG. ED. 16 MOLLUJSCA. is also upon conjectures of a similar nature that reposes the classifi- cation of the AMMONITES, Brug. Or the Cornua-Ammoni, or horns of Ammon*, for they no longer exist except among fossils. They are distinguished from the Nautili, by their septa, which, instead of being plane or simply concave, are angular and sometimes undulated, but most frequently slashed on the edge like the leaf of an acanthus. The smallness of their last cell seems to indicate that like the spirula they were internal shells. They are very abundant in the strata of secondaiy mountains, where they are found varying from the size of a lentil to that of a coach wheel. Their subdivisions are based upon the variation of their volutes and siphons. The name of Ammonites Lam., (Simplegades, Montf., 82) is parti- cularly restricted to those species in which all the whorls are visible, and their siphon near the marginf . They have lately been divided into the Ammonites planites, of Haan, where the edge of the septa is foliaceous, and into the ceratites of Haan, where it is simply angular and undulated. Those in which the last whorl envelopes all the others form the Orbitutites, Lam., or the Globites, and Goniatites of Haan, or the Pela- guses, Montf., 62. in all of which the siphon is situated as in the pre- ceding ones. The Scaphites Sowerb., are those in which the whorls are conti- guous and in the same plane, the last one excepted, which is detached and reflexed on itself. ; Some, Baculites, Lam., are entirely straight without any spiral por- tion whatever. Some of them are round , and others compressed. || The last some- times have a lateral siphon. The first cells of some of them the Hamites Sowerb., are arcuated. Finally, those which vary most from the usual form of this family are the Tv/rrilites^ Montf., 118, where the whorls, so far from running 4to, 1827 ; and that of M. J. S. Miller on the same subject in the Geol. Trans., second series, vol. II, part I, London, 1826. See also Sage, Journ. de Phys. an. IX, and Raspail, Journ. des. Sc. d'Observ., second No. To this genus we refer the Paclite Montf., 318; the Thalamule, 322; the Achtlo'ite, 358; the Cetocinc, 370 ; the Acame, 374; the Belemnite, 382 ; the Hibolite, 386 ; tlie Prorodrague, 390 ; the Pirgopole, 394, which are the cases of different species. As to the Amimone, Id., 326 ; the Callirhoe, 362 ; the Chrisaorc, 378, they appear to be mere nuclei or piles of alveoli detached from their cases. * So called from the resemblance of their volutes to those of a ram's horn. f The various species of Ammonites have long been collected and described, but with less care than those of other shells. We may commence studying them in the article Ammonite, Ency. Method. Vers. I, 28, and in that of M. de Roissy, in Sonini's Buffon, Mollusca, V. 16. See also the Monograph of Haan, entitled " Monographic Ammoniteorum et Goniateorum Specimen," Leid. 1325. I Sc. obliquus, Sowerb. ; Cuv., Oss. Foss., II, part II, pi. ii, f. 13. Baculites vertebrate, Montf. 342 ; Fauj., Mont, de St. Pierre, pi. xxi. || The Tiranitc, Montf., 346; Walch., Petrif., Supp., pi. xii, constitutes the genus RHABDITES of Haan, who refers the ICTHYOSARCOUTES of Desmar to it. in the same plane, Middenly descend, giving to the shell that form of an obelisk which is culled litrreted* It is also thought, and from similar considerations, that we should ivfrr to the Cephalopoda, and consider as internal shells the C\MI KIMS. II rug. Nf.MMii i IKS, Lam. Commonly called .\uni/nn/if<'^ A ' um<"pii internally, divided by -."ptu into numerous small chambers, but with- out a MpJion. It i.s one of the mo>t universally diffused of all foil>. forming, by itself alone, entire chains of calcareous hilU and imni'-n-e bodies of building stonef. Tlie most common, and tlue which attain the greatest size, form a complete disk, and have only a single range of chambers in each whorl J. Some very >mall species are also found in certain seas||. Thr margin of other small species, (the siderolithes,, Lam.,) both fossil and living, r.re bristled with points which give them a The labours and researches, fruits of an infinite patience, of Bian- chi (or Janus Plane us), Soldani, Fichtel, and Moll, Alc,.a*d D'Or- bigny. h tinod an astonishing number of these chambered sliviU without a siphon, like the Nummulites, that are extremely small and frequently microscopical, both in the sea, among the sand, fucus, &c. and in a fossil state in the sand formations of variou> countries. They vary in a remarkable degree as to their general form, the number and relative position of the chambers, &c. In one or two species, the only ones whose animals have been observed, there appears to be a small oblong body crowned by numerous and red tentacula, which, added to the septa of the shell, have caused them to be placed immediately after the Cephalopoda, like the genera just mentioned, an arrangement, however, which requires to be confirmed by more numerous observations before we can consider it as conclusive. Such of these species as were known in the time of Linnaeus and (imelin were placed by those naturalists among the Nautili. de Phys., an. VII. pi. i, f. l. There are some doubts as to the MI i.i tin- Mphon. lYrhaps, as M. Adouin observes, what has been taken for it, i- tin- roluiiirllnr com idutinn. f The stone termed pin-re de Loon is wholly formed of Nummulites. Thr pyramids of Egypt are placed upon rocks of this description, which also furnished tin- III;UIT".;II- < i the superstructure. See the Memoir of Fortis on the Discolitea iu i-tirl df Thnn/, as woll as Lam., Aniin. *ms Method, des Cephalopoda. ; / , I'i.ht., and Moll., VI. a, b, c, d; Naut. Itxficvlaris, LI, a !i. To tl. is genus also we refer the LICOPHRE ami . 158, ICG, and his ROTALITE, 162, which differs from the ROTA LIES of Lainarrk. || .Vuii/i/iw nuliuli's. I'icht. and Moll., VII., a, b, c, d ; Nmtt. Vaunts, lb.. o, tpotde, Lam. Fau., Mont, de St. Pierre, pi. xxxiv. VOL. III. C 18 MOLLU8CA. M. D'Orbigny, who has exceeded every other person in attention to this subject, forms them into an order which he calls Foraminifera, on account of the only communication between the cells being by means of holes, and divides them into families according to the man- ner in which the cells are disposed. When the cells are simple and ^spirally arranged, they constitute his Helicostegua, which are again subdivided. If the whorls are en- veloped, as is particularly the case in the Nummulites, they become his Helicostegua nautiloida*. If the whorls do not envelope each other, they are the Helicostegua ammonoida.\ If the whorls are elevated as in most Univalves, they are the Helicostegua turbinoida.% Simple cells may also be strung upon a single, straight or slightly curved axis, constituting the family of the StycosteguaJ * These infinitely small beings having but little to do with our plan, we will merely cite the names of the genera with a few examples. The Nummulites them- selves are compressed in this first division under the name of NUMMU LINES, Nautilus pompiloides, Ficht., and Moll., N. incrassatus, Id. The SYDEROLINA, the same as Syderolites, Lam. CRISTELLARIA, Nautilus cassis, Naut. galea, Id., &c. ROBULINA, Nautilus calcar, Naut. vortex, Id. SPIROLINA, Spirolinites cylindracea, Lam. Anim., sans verteb. PENEROPLA, Nautilus planatus, Ficht. and Moll., &c. DENTRITINA, POLYSTOMELLA, ANOMALINA, VERTEBRALINA, CASSIDULINA. t" M. D'Orbigny divides them into four genera : SOLDANIA, OPERCULINA, PLANORBULINA, PLANULINA. % These form ten genera : TRUNCATULINA, GYROIDINA, GLOBIGERINA, CALCARINA, where is placed, among others, the Nautilus Spengleri, Fich. aud Moll. XIV, d., I, and XV. ROTALIA, ROSALINA, 'VALVULINA, BULIMINA, UVIGERINA, CLAVUHNA. The Stycostegua are divided by M. D'Orbigny into eight genera: the NODO- SARIA, which he subdivides into the true NODOSARIA, such as the Nautilus radicu- lus, L. ; Naul.jugosus, Montag., Test. Brit., XIV. f. 4 ; and into DENTALINA, such as the Nautilus rectos, Montag., I, cit., XIX, f. 4, 7 (the genus REOPHAGA, Montf. I, 330) ; into ORTHOERINA, such as the Nadosaria clavulus, Lam., Encycl., pi. 466, f. 3 ; and into MUCRONINA. FRONDICUARIA, where comes Renulino complanafa, Blainv., Malac. LlNGULINA, RlMULINA, CKPHALOPODA. Or they may be arranged in two alternate series, when they be- come the Enallostegua*. Or a few of them may be collected and united as in a pellet, form- ing the AyatMsteyua.\ Finally in the Entot Finally in tin' Entomostegua\ the cells are not simple as in the other families, but are subdivided by transverse septa in such a way that a on of the shell exhibit a sort of trellis. \ \. INULINA, to which belongs the Nautilus legumen, Gun. Plane., I, f. 7; Encycl.,pl. 465, f. 3. MARGINULINA, where we find the Nautilus mjihunus, Gm. Soldan., II, xriv. PLANULARIA, such as the Nautilus crtpidulus, Pich., and Moll., XIX, g, h, i. PAVONINA. * M. D'Orbigny has seven genera of Enallostegse : BlGBNERJNA, TEXTULARIA, VULVULINA, DlMORPHINA, POLYMORPHINA, \ "HUM I.IXA, Sl-llKROIDINA. t The Agathistegua or Milliola of authors, which compose immense banks of calcareous stone, in the arrangement of M. D'Orbigny, only form six genera : BILOCUMXA, SPIROLOCULIXA, TRI LOCUM ARTICUM QUINQUELOCULINA, ADELOSINA, M. de Blaiiiville assures us that he has ascertained, from observation, that their animal has no tentacula : should this be the case, they are at once greatly removed from the Cephalopoda. J The KntiiHwsti-yua resemble, externally, several of the Helicostegva. M. D'Orb. divides them into five genera : AMPHISTEGYNA, HETEROSTEGYN \. ORBICCUN \. ALVEOLINA, FABULARIA. Those who are desirous of penetrating more deeply into the study of this curious portion of Conchyliology, on which our limits forbid us to expatiate, but which may be useful in the investigation of fossil strata, will find an excellent guide in the Table Method, des Ctfphalopodes, inserted by M. D'Orbigny the Ann. des Sc. Nat., 182G, tome VII, p. y.5 and 245, and may profit by the large models constructed by this able observer. c 2 20 MOLLUSCA, CLASS II. PTEROPODA*. The Pteropoda, like the Cephalopoda, swim in the ocean, but they can neither fix themselves at all, nor crawl, because they have no feet. Their organs of locomotion consist of fins placedlike wings on the two sides of the mouth. But few and small species are known, all of them hermaphrodites. CLIO, Lin. CLIONE, Pall. Have the body oblong, membranous, without a mantle ; head formed of two rounded lobes, whence originate small tentacula ; two small fleshy lips, and a little tongue in front of the mouth ; the fins covered with a vascular net-work which acts as branchiae, the anus and genital orifice under the right one. Some authors consider them as possess- ing eyes. The external envelope is far from being filled with the viscera; the stomach is wide, the intestine short, and the liver voluminous. Clio borealis, L. This species, which is the most celebrated, is found in astonishing numbers in the arctic seas, furnishing, by its abundance, food for the whales, although each individual is hardly an inch longf. Brugiere has observed a larger and not less abundant species in the Indian Ocean ; it is distinguished by its rose colour, emar ginated tail, and the division of the body, by grooves, into six lobes, Encycl. Meth., PI. of the Mollusc., pi. fxxv, f. ), 2. We must place also here the .CYMBULIA, of Per on. Which have a cartilaginous or gelatinous envelope resembling a galley, or rather a sabot or clog, bristling with small points dis- posed in longitudinal rows. The animal has two large wings composed of a vascular tissue^ which are its branchiae and fins ; between them, on the open side, is a third and smaller lobe with * M. de Blainville unites my Pteropoda and my Gasteropoda in a single class, which he calls PARACEPHALOPHORA, of which my Pteropoda form n particular order, under the name of APOROBRANCHIATA. This order is divided into two families ; the Thecosoma, which are furnished with a shell, and the Gi/muosGi/ia which are not. f The Clio borealis of Pallas (Spicil, X, pi. 1, f. 18, 19), the Clio rehtsa of Fabri- cius (Faun. Groen., L., 334), and the Clio lamudna of Phips (Ellis, Zooph., pi. 15, f. 9, l, 10), of which Gmelin makes as many different species, appear to be this same animal. PTEROPODA. 21 three points. The mouth with two small tentacula is situated be- ii tin- wings towards the closed >ide of the shell and above two : ! ryes, and the genital aperture, whence issues a small penis in t!n shape of a little proboscis. It is so diaphanous, that the heart, brain, and viscera can be distinguished through the envelopes*. PNEUMODERMON, Cuv. I Pneumoderma begin to be a little further removed from the . Their body is oval, without a mantle and without a shell ; the are attached to the surface, and composed of little laminae, arranged in two or three linos so disposed as to form an H on the part opposite to the head The fins are small; the mouth which is t'nrjushed \\-ith two small lips and two bundles of numerous tentacula, terminated by a sucker, has a little lobe or fleshy tantaculum beneathf. Pneumodermon Peronii, Cuv. Ann. du Mus., IV, pi. 59 ; and Peron, Ib., XV, pi. 2. Not more than an inch long. The ipeciea known was captured in the Ocean by Peron. LlMACINA, CUV. The Limaein.np, according to the description of Fabricius, should have been closely related to the Pneumoderma ; but their body terminates in a spirally convoluted tail, and is lodged in a very thin shell formed by one whorl and a half, unbilicated on one side, and flattened on the oilier. The animal uses its shell as a boat, and its wings as oars, whenever it wishes to navigate the surface of the deep. The species known Clio helicina, Phips and Gmel. ; Argonauta nrctica, Fab., Faun. Groenl., 387, is almost as common on the Arctic seas as the Clio boreaKs, arid is considered as forming one of the chief sources of food for the Whale J. HYALEA, Lam,, CAVOLINA, Abildg. Have two large wings ; no tentacula; a mantle cleft on the sides, lodging the branchiae in the bottom of its fissures, and invested by a .shell also cleft laterally, the ventral face of which is arched, and the dorsal flat and longer than the other; the transverse line which unites them behind, is furnished with three sharp dentations. When alive, the animal thrusts several appendages, that are more or less * Sec Prron, Ann. Mus., XV, pi. iii, f. 10 11. N. B. in the fig. of CymbvKa, iri\cii by IHaimille, Malar., XIAI, tlie position of the animal in the shell is directly ilir r i !H- true one. Our description is founded upon the recent and re- : ol>M-r\ations of M. Laurillanl. de Illainville once thought that the fins supported the branchial tissue, and that what I have considered as branchisc is another kind of fin. In this case the analoiry with the Clios would have been greater ; but ^ince then, (Malacol., p. 483) that .- as adopted ray views. i not sure that the animal drawn by >Yorc->\. of which de Blainville \lviii. bis, f. 5) makes his genus SIMRATELLA, is, as be thinks, the same as those of Phips and Fabri< 225 MOLLUSCA. long, through the lateral fissures of its shell ; they are productions of the mantle. The species most known Anomia tridentata, Forskahl. ; Caro- lina natans, Abilgaard ; H. cornea, Lam. ; Cuv., Ann. du Mus., IV. pi. 59; and Peron, Ib., XV, pi. 3, f. 13. has a small, yellowish, semi-diaphanous shell, found in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean*. CLEODORA, Peron. The Cleodorse, for which Brown originally created the genus Clio, appear to resemble the Hyalese in the simplicity of their wings, and in the absence of tentacula between them ; it is also probable that their branchiae are concealed in the mantle ; their conical or pyramidal shell, however, is not cleft on the sides. M. Ray distinguishes CLEODORA, properly so called, with a pyramidal shell, CRESEIS, with a conical and elongated shellf, CUVIERA, with a cylindrical shell. PSYCHE, with a globular shell, and EURYBIA, with a hemispherical shell. (J) It is thought that we may approximate to the Hyaleae PYRGO, A very small fossil shell discovered by M. Defrance ; very thin, glo- bular, and divided by a very narrow tranverse cleft, except before, where it becomes a little widened (a J). * Add : Hyal. lanceolata, Lesueur, Bullet., des Sc. June 1813, pi. v, f. 3 ; Hyal. inflexa, Ib., f. 4. N. B. The Glaucus, Carinaire, and Firolc, referred by Peron to the family of the PTEROPODA, belong to the GASTEROPODA ; the Philliroe of the same author also probably belongs to it. His Calliariire is a Zoophyte. f It is probably near the Creseis, and perhaps even in the same subgenus, accord- ing to Messrs Rang and Audouin, that we must place the genus TRIPTERA of Messrs Quoy and Gaymard, which is referred by M. de Blainville to the family of the Akerae. J See the Mm. ; of M. Rang, Ann. des Sc. Nat., Novemb., 1827, and March 1828. N. B. Several Pteropoda have been discovered in a fossil state. M. Rang has found, near Bourdeaux, Hyalca, Cuvierite, and Cleodorte. See Ann. des Sc. Nat. August 1826. The Vaginella of Daudin is a Cresis according to M. Rang; it has, in fact, all the characters of the latter. {j^ (a) The Pteropodes constitute the first order of Lamarck's twelfth class, and his division of this order into genera, is precisely the same as that given in the pre- sent work, with the exception of the fossil genus added by Cuvier under the name of Pyrgo. The general description of the order by Lamarck is as follows : These Mollusca have no feet to crawl with, or arms to assist their motion or seize their prey ; they have two opposite and simularly constructed fins adapted to swim- ming; their bodies are free and floating. The Pteropodes are swimming Mollusca, without the means of affixing themselves to other bodies, floating on the surface of the sea and changing their position by means of their two fins or oars, which resem- ble two wings placed on each side of the mouth in some and in others on each side of the neck. He adds that in the Ayalda the head is so much concealed at the base or point at which the fins are united that it appears obsolete, exhibiting consequently an alliance between these animals and the Conchiferae (the eleventh class of Mollus- cous animals in his system). In the Cymbulia a little lobe which stands forward on the posterior part, between the two true wings, has been erroneously regarded as a third fin. ENG. ED. GASTEROPODA, CLASS III. GASTEROPODA. Gasteropoda constitute a very numerous class of the Mollusca, an idea of which is afforded by the Slug. They generally crawl upon a fleshy disk, situated under the abdo- men, which sometimes however, assumes the shape of a furrow, or that of a vertical lamina. The back is furnished with a mantle which is more or less extended, takes various forms, and in the greater number of genera, produces a shell. Their head placed anteriorly, is more or less visible, as it is the more or less involved under the mantle ; its tcntacula are very small, they are situated above the mouth but do not surround it, varying in number from two to six ; sometimes they are wanted ; their function is that of touch, or at most that of smell. The eyes are very small in some species, ad- horinpr to tin* head, in others to the base, side, or point of the tenta- rulum; sometimes they are wanted. The position, structure, and nature of their respiratory organs vary, and afford the means of dividing them into several families ; they never, however, have more than a single aortic heart, that is to say, one placed between the pul- monary vein and the aorta. The position of the apertures, through which the genital organs; and that of the anus project, varies; they are almost always, how- ever, on the right side of the body. Several are entirely naked; others have merely a concealed shell, but most of them are furnished with one that is large enough to re- ceive and shelter them. The shell is formed in the thickness of the mantle. Some of them -ymmetrical and consist of a single piece; others are non-sym- metrical, which, in those species where they are very concave, and where they continue to grow for a long time, become necessarily obliquely spiral. If \\ to ourselves an oblique cone, in which other cones, always wider in one direction than in the others, arc successively ed, it will be easily seen that the convolution of the whole takes on the side winch enlarges the least. This part, on which the cone is rolled, is termed the columeMa; it is sometimes solid, and sometimes hollow. When hollow, its aper- tmv is called the umbilicus. 24 MOLLUSCA. The whorls of the shell may either remain in one plane, or incline towards the base of the columella. In this last case, the preceding whorls rise above eacli other, form- ing the spire, which is so much the more acute, as the whorls de- scend more rapidly, and the less fliey increase in width. These shells with a salient spine, are said to be turbinated. When, on the contrary, the whorls remain nearly in the same place, and do not envelope each other, the spine is flat, or even con- cave. These shells are said to be discoidal. When the top of each whorl envelopes the preceding ones, the spire is hidden. The part through which the animal appears to come out is named the aperture. When the whorls remain nearly in the same plane, while the animal crawls, it has its shell placed vertically, the columella crosswise on the hind part of its back, and its head passes under the edge of the opening opposite to the columella. When the spire is saiient, it inclines from the right side in almost every species ; in a very few only does it project from the left when they are in motion ; these are said to be reversed. It is observed that the heart is always on the side opposite to that to which the spire is directed. Thus it is usually on the left, and in the reversed on the right. This relation is exactly inverted with re- spect of the organs of generation. The organs of respiration, which are always situated in the last whorl of the shell, receive the ambient element from under its edge, sometimes because the mantle is entirely detached from the body along this edge, and sometimes because it is perforated there by a hole. It sometimes happens that the margin of* the mantle is prolonged in the form of a canal, in order to allow the animal to seek the am- bient element without exposing its head and foot beyond its shell. In such a case as this, the shell has also in its margin, near the extremity of the columella, opposite that to which the spire inclines, a fissure or canal, for the purpose of lodging that of the mantle. The canal, consequently, in ordinary species, is on the left ; and in the reversed, on the right. The animal, however, being very flexible, can vary the direction of the shell, and most commonly when there is a fissure or canal, it directs the latter forwards, which throws the spine behind, the colu- mella to the left, and the opposite margin to the right. It is the contrary in the reversed, for which reason their shell is said to be contorted to the left. GASTEROPODA. 25 The aperture of the shell, and consequently the last whorl, are more or less large, in proportion to the other whorls, as the head or foot of the animal, which is constantly protruding from and retracting within them, is more or less voluminous oottpftfed to tho mass of the fftNMfn which remain fixed in the shell. This aperture is wider or narrower in proportion to the greater or e of thiekness of these same parts. The aperture of some shells is narrow and long this is because the foot is thin, and be- > double by being folded in order to enter. Most of the aquatic Gasteropoda, with a spiral shell, have an. oper- c nt i 'in, a part sometimes horny, sometimes calcareous, attached to the nor part of the foot, which closes the shell when its occujnnt is withdrawn into it and folded up. In others of the Gasteropoda the sexes are separate ; others which air hermaphrodite) and some of which possess the faculty of self- impregnation, while others require a reciprocal coitus. Their organs of digestion vary as much as those of respiration. This class is so numerous that we have been compelled to divide it into a certain number of orders, which we have founded upon the position and form of the branchiae. The PuLMONEA Respire the natural air in a cavity, the narrow orifice of which they open and shut at pleasure. Some of them have no shell, others have one which is even very often completely turbinated, but the oper- 01 him is always wanted. The NuDIBRANCHIATA 8 no shell, and arc furnished with naked branchiae, of various forms, on some part of their back. The INFEROBRANCHIATA, Similar in other respects to the Nudibranchiata, have their branchirp in the margin of their mantle. The TECTIBRANCHIATA Have branchiae on the back and side, cove red by the lamina of the mantle, which almost always contains a shell more 01 loped, or BOmetimea only enveloped in a recurved margin of the foot. ".ir orders arc hermaphrodites requiring a reciprocal coitus. The 26 MOLLUSCA, HETEROPODA Have their branchiae on the hack, where they form a transverse range of small panaches, protected, as well as part of the viscera, in some species, by a symmetrical shell. They are particularly distin- guished, however, by the foot, which is compressed into a thin vertical fin, on whose margin is frequently observed a small cup (yentouse), the only vestige of the horizontal foot of the rest of the class. In the PECTINIBRANCHIATA The sexes are separated ; the respiratory organs almost always con- sist of branchiae, composed of lamellae, united in the form of combs, and are concealed in a dorsal cavity, widely open above the head. Nearly all of them had a turbinated shell, a mouth sometimes entire, sometimes fissured, and at other times furnished with a siphon, but most generally susceptible of being more or less perfectly closed by an operculum attached to the foot of the animal behind*. The TuBULIBRANCHIATA(a) Have a shell resembling a more or less irregularly pointed tube, which attaches itself to various bodies. Their branchiae consist of a single range along the left side of the roof of the branchial cavity. The SCUTIBRANCHIATA Have branchiae similar to those of Pectinibranchiata ; but the sexes are united, so that fecundation takes place without a mutual copula- tion, as in the Acephala. Their shell is very open, and in several forms a non-turbinated shield; the operculum is always wanting. The CYCLOBRANCHIATA, Hermaphrodites, like the Scutibranchiata, have a shell composed of one or several pieces, but never turbinated nor with an operculum ; * N.B. Sometimes, as in Vermetus, &c., the foot is recurved in such a manner that the operculum is before. Q^ (a) In the original this order does not occur, but we find further on, that when the author comes to take each of these orders into detailed consideration, as it will be seen he does in the following pages, the necessity occurred to him of sepa- rating from the Pectinibranchia an additional order, to which he gave the name of of Tubulibranchia. We have therefore deemed it necessary to insert this order with its characters precisely in the order and relation assigned to it by the author. ENO. ED. GASTEROPODA PULMONEA. their branchiae are attached under the margin of their mantle, as in the Inferobranchiata(a). ORDER I. PULMONEA*. Tlu- Piilinoiiia arc distinguished from tin* otlu-r Moiluscaby respiring tla^tio air tlirouerh a hole opening under the margin of the mantle, and which they dilate and contract at will ; and accordingly have no * M. de Blainville prefers the term Pulmonobranchiata. (n) The Gasteropodes form, in Lamarck's classification, the Second Order TWELFTH CLASS. MOLLUSCA. tinier II. Les Gatttropodes. :ii;ils with the body straight, never in a spiral form,, nor enveloped in a shell capable of containing the whole of it ; they have beneath the belly a foot or muscular dNk, united nearly to the whole length of the body, and serving them to crawl with. Some are naked, others are screened by a dorsal shell, not sheathed in the body ; and others again, have a shell more or less concealed in their mantle. First Section. Les Hydrobranchia. ANIMALS only breathing water. TThe respiratory organs, in what- Genus Glaucus .... Eolis ---- Tritonia ...... First Family. .... Scyllaea ...... Les Tritoniens. .... Tethys .... Doris Phyllidhi Chitonellus Chiton Patella lus' ' .' ] 1 Pleurobrancans. Umbrella. . . . ophora .. ' .rinula . . Fttturella .... >triea !ula Third Family. Les Seraiphyllidiens. Fourth Family. Les Calyptraciens. Fifth Family. Bulleens. ever part they are situated, ! are always elevated, either ;' in filets, laminae, tufts, or \ like a comb ; they are placed I above the mantle, either on the back or on the sides, and L not in any particular cavity. r Respiratory organs placed be- neath the border or edge of the mantle, and disposed in a longitudinal series round the body, or on one side, not being placed in any particular L cavity. {Gills as above, but placed on the right side of the body only. r Respiratory organs placed in a cavity appropriated to them on the back of the animal, I near the neck, projecting | cither within the cavity or above it. Shell always exter- nal and covering the animal, L which is without tentaculae. Gills placed in a particular ca- vity near the posterior part of the back, and covered by the mantle or by an opercu- lary shield. No tentaculae. 28 MOLLUSC A. branchiae, but a mere net-work of pulmonary vessels which creep over the parietes of the respiratory cavity and chiefly on its ceiling. Some of them are terrestrial; others are aquatic, but are com- pelled to visit the surface from time to time for the purpose of open- Genus Onchidium .... .... Parmacella. . . . .... Limax .... Testacellus . . . Yitrina Seventh Family. Les Limaciens. f Respiratory organs situated as Genus Aplysia 1 Sixth Family. I in the Bullccns, and also .... Dolabella . . . . J Les Aplysiens. S covered by a shield ; but this L family possesses tentaculce. Second Section. Les Pneumobranchiee. r Branchiae, or respiratory organs rampant, in the form of vas- cular net, on the thickness of < a particular cavity, the aper- ture of which the animal con- tracts or dilates at will. L They only breathe fresh air. Third Order. Les Trachelipodes. The bodies of the animals spirally contorted at their posterior part, which is sepa- rated from the foot, and always enveloped in a shell ; the foot free, flattened, attached to the lower base of the neck or at the anterior part of the body, and useful to assist the animal in crawling : a spiral shell covering the body. First Section. Les Phytiphages. ANIMALS feeding on vegetable substances. Trachelipodes without a pro- jecting syphon, breathing generally by a hole. The greater number feed on vege- table substances, and are furnished with jaws : aper- ture of the shells entire, not having at the base any dorsal notch, or canal; they only _ breathe air. Shell spirivalve, | , smooth or with striae, the right margin often reflected outwardly ; smooth and not distinctly nacreous. This family is terrestrial ; they have cylindrical tentaculse, with eyes at their summits Genus Helix .... Carocolla . .... Anostoma . .... Helicina . . . .... Pupa Clausilia. . . .... Bulimus . . . .... Achatina. . . .... Succinea. . . .... Auricula . . . .... Cyclostoma. With four tenta- culse. ... I With two tenta- ... j culse. Planorbis Physa Lyranaea . . Second Family. Les Lymncens. with or without an opercu- lum . They all live out of the L water. f Amphibious Trachelipodes, with two tentaculse without eyes at their summit; generally no operculum, their tentaculac flattened ; they inhabit fresh water, and rise to breathe the air on its surface. Shell spi- rivalve, most frequently smooth on its external sur- face, and having the right margin of its aperture always sharp, and not reflected. GASTEREOPODA PULHONEA. 29 ing the orifice of their pectoral cavity in order to respire. They are all hermaphrodite. The PULMONEA TERRESTRIA Have generally four tentacula, ; in two or three only, of a very small be lower pair are not to he seen. Those whieh possess no apparent shell, form in the Linnaean sys- I.-MI the p-im> I, i MAX, Lin. Which we divide a> follow> : t properly so called, Lam. Have the body elongated, and the mantle, a dense fleshy disk which to the fore pan of the back, merely covering the pulmonary Mcluni:i . . . .... Melanopsis. Pirena . itn .. . Paludina. . . Ampullaria. Vavleella Neritina. . Nerita .. Natica . Janthiua Stomatia . i . Tonmtclla . . lidella Third Family. Les Mi'-luniens. Fourth Family. Les P^ristoiniens. Fifth Family. Les Ne'ritacte. Sixth Family. Les Janthines. Seventh Faiuily. Lea Macrostomes. Eighth Family. rFluviatile Trach&ipodes with two tentaculx and nu oper- culnm, and only breathintr ^ water. The shells have t he- margin of the aperture dis- united, the right side always L sharp : with an epidermis. r Animal the same as the preced- ing family ; shell conoid or \subdiscoid; the margins of the aperture united. TOperculated Trachflipodes, and hreathing water only ; some inhabit fresh water, others j are marine. Shells semi- *' globular or a flattened oval, \ without a columella, and the j left margin of the aperture forming a cover half over the aperture of the shell, like the (_ deck of a boat. r Shell marine, its aperture not at all closed, floating on the surface of the water; breatb- J ing water only. The animal | has a bladder attached to its I foot, by which, when it is inflated, the shell is sus- L pended. Shell not floating, aperture very much widened, margin di-- united, no columella or oper- cuhnu. The animal breath- ing water only. f Aperture of the shell not \\hU-n- I ed, and plaits on the colu- \ incllii : the animal breathing L water only. 30 MOLLUSCA. cavity ; in several species it contains a small, flat, and oblong shell, or at least a calcareous concretion in place of it. The respiratory Vermetus Scalaria Delphi nula ntus ____ ~\ "I* ...... ^ i u u hi ... I Solarium. Rotella. . Trochus Monadonta Turbo Planaxis Phasianella Turritella, . onta .... v is .. Ninth Family. Les Scalai-iens. Tenth Family. Les Turbinac^s Shell having no plaits on the columella, the edges of the ) aperture united circularly. 1 Animal a vermicular Tra- chlipode, and breathing wa- ter only. C Shell turretted or conoid, aper- ture round or oblong, not I widened, having the edges ^ disunited : they appear fur- i nished with an operculum. The animal breathes only water. Second Section. Les Zoophages. ANIMALS feeding on animal substances only. "Tracht'lipodos with Genus Cerithium . . .... Pleuromata . .... Turbinella . .... Cancellaria . .... Fasciolaria . .... Fusns ...... .... Pyrula Struthiolaria Ranella Murex Triton .... Rostellaria Pterocera. . Strombus. . First Division. ' Species without any permanent varix or thick- ened lip on the right margin. Second Division. All the species having perma- nent varices, or a thickened lip on the right side. w Second Family. Les Ail^es. project- ing or salient syphon, breath- ing water only, conveyed to the branchiae or gills by that syphon ; they feed upon ani- mal substances only, are marine, without jaws, and provided with a retractile proboscis. Shell spirivalve, inclosing the. animal; the aperture either canaliculated or notched at the base ; the right lip not changing its form by age, the canal more or less long ; all having oper- cula. In the first division of this family, the additional growth is but slightly marked, in the second, it is distin- guished by thickened bands or varices, which remain on the external whorls, except in the genus Struthiolaria, which has only a thickened lip. Shell having a canal more or less long at the base of the aperture, the right side of which changes its form with age, and becomes wing- shaped ; a sinus at the lower part of the lip. These shells present the remarkable fact of being totally different in form in an adult state, from that in the young ; a fact only observable in the G. Cy- praea besides this family. The operculum of the ani- mals of this family is horny, long, and straight. GASTEROPODA PULMONEA. 31 orifice is on tin- ritilit side of this species of shield, and the anus on the margin of that orifice. The four tcntacula are protruded and re- tracted, evolving themselves like the inverted fingers of a glove, and the ii.-ud itself can be partly withdrawn under the disk of the mantle. The ovnital organs open under the upper right tentaculum. The mouth has only an upper jaw, resembling a dentated cresent, which niahies these animals to gnaw fruits and herbs, which they do with so much vunicity as to eft'ect considerable injury. The stomach is elongated, .simple and membranous M. de Ferussac distinguishes ARION, Fer., In which the respiratory orifice is towards the anterior part of the shield, which merely contains a few calcareous granules. Such is Limax Rufw, L. (the Red Limax;) Ferussac, Moll. Terr, et Fluv., pi. i. and iii. Jt is everywhere to be met with in wet ther, and is sometimes entirely black, Ib. II, i, 2. A decoc- (u-IIUS Cassidaria .... Cassis -| A ascending canal" 1 > recurved back- J \\ards. ' I I r Shells having a short canal at the base of the opening as- cending towards the back, or a notch in the form of a semi- canal, inclined backward. Purpura w The animals of all this family .. . Moneceros .... Concholepas. . . . An oblique notch w >. produce coloring matter, but particularly the G. Purpura, from which was extracted buck a a the celebrated dye of the 1 Romans ; it is contained in a peculiar reservoir near the Terebra J animal's neck. All of them i appear to possess an oper- culum. Columbella Mitra .... \ oluta .. .. Maivinellu \ Fourth Family. Les Columellaires. Ovulii . . .. a .. Hum Aiu-illa.... Olivu .. . C'oiui> . . Fifth Family. Les Enroul&s. No canal at the base of the aperture, but a subdorsal notch more or less distinct, and having plaits on the* columella of the shell. The Columbellte have a small operculum attached to the foot of the animal, f- Shell without a canal, but hav- ing the base of the aperture effuse or notched ; the whorls it' it* ^pire large, compressed, rolled round each other, so th.it the last nearly conceals all the others, renderinp tin- spiral cavity large and nar- row, and indicating that the iimly of the animal mint In- flattened. The two first ge- nera of this family have the rijrht lip rerun oil inwardly; no operculum. 32 MOLLUSCA. tion of this species is sometimes used in France for pulmonary disorders*. LIMA, Feruss. The respiratory opening towards the posterior part of their shell, and frequently much larger. Such is L. antiijuorum, Feruss., pi. iv and viii, A, f. 1 ; L. maximus, L. ; L. sylvaficus, Drap., Moll., IX, x. Frequently spotted or streaked with grey ; found in caves and dark forests. L. agrestis, L. ; Feruss., pi. v, f. 5 10. Small, without spots ; and one of the most abundant and destructive animals. f VAGINULUS, Feruss. Have a dense mantle without shell, stretching over the whole length of the body ; four tentacula, the lower ones slightly forked ; the anus at the extreme posterior extremity, between the point of the mantle and that of the foot, the same orifice leading to the pulmonary cavity situated along the right flank ; orifice of the male organ of generation under the right inferior tentaculum, and that of the female under tho middle of the right side. These organs, as well as those of digestion, are very similar to the same parts in the Slug. These Mollusca are found in both Indies, and closely resem- ble the common LimacesJ. TESTACELLA, Lam. Have the respiratory orific and the anus at the posterior extremity; the mantle very small, and placed on the same extremity ; it con- tains a small oval shell, with an exremely wide aperture and a very small spine, which is not one tenth of the length of the body ; other- wise these animals resemble the Limaces. Test, haliotoidea, Drap. ; Cuv., Ann. du Mus., V, xxvi, 6, 11. A common species is found in the southern departments of France; * Add : the L. albus, Miill., Feruss., pi. i, f. 3 ; L. hortensis, Id., pi. ii, f. 4 G. f* Add : L. alpinus, Feruss., pi. v. a; L. gugates, Drap., pi. ix, f. 1 and 2, c. N.B. The PLECTOPHORA, Feruss., would be Limaces, having a sort of small conical shell on the end of their tail, and far from the shield ; they are only known, however, by drawings of very equivocal authority, Favanne, Zoomorphose, pi. Ixxvi, copied Feruss., pi. vi, f. 5, 6, 7. M. de BlainvilLe (Malac., p. 464) now doubts the reality of his genus LIMACELLA, and rejects his genus VERONJCELLA, Diet, des Sc. Nat. The PHYLOMICHUS and EUMELES. Raf., are too imperfectly indicated to be admitted into a work like this. Vaginulus Taimaisii, Feruss., pi. viii, A, f. 7 ; and viii, B, 2 3 ; V. altns, Id., pi. viii, A, f. 8, and viii, B, f. 6 ; V. Langsdorfii, Id., pi. viii, B, f. 3 and 4 ; '. Itirit/n/ns, Id., pi. viii, B, f. 5, 7 ; Onchidinm occidentale, Guilding, Lin. Trans. xiv, ix. : The genus MEGHIMATIUM of Van Hassel., Bullet. Univere., 1824, Zool. tome III, p. 82, should apparently be added to it. N.B. The genus VAGINULA differs from ONCHIDIUM, with which M. de Blain- ville has united it, Malac., p. 465, detaching from it, at the sume time, the true Onrhidiums to form his genus PI;UOXIA. His anatomy of the Vaginula in the Moll. Terr, et Fluv. of M. de Ferussnc, pi. viii, C, is very good. CASTKROPODA PULMoNEA. 33 it lives under ground, and feeds chiefly on Lumbrici. M. de F- russac has observed, that when accidentally placed in too dry a situation, the mantle experiences a singular development, and furnishes it with a sort of shelter. PARMACELLA, Cuv. Have a membranous mantle with loose margins placed on the mid- dle of the back, and containing in ite posterior portion an oblong, flat shell, the hind part of which exhibits a slight rudiment of a spine ; the respiratory orifice and the anus, under the right side of the mid- die of the mantle. Farm. Olivieri, Cuv. Ann. du Mus., V, xxix, 12 15. The first species known ; from Mesopotamia. Farm, palliolum* Feruss., pi. vii, A. Inhabits Brazil. Some others are found in India. In the terrestrial Puhnonea with complete and apparent shells, the edges of the aperture in the adult are usually tumid. HELIX, Lin. To this genus Linnaeus referred all those species in which the aper- ture of the shell, somewhat incroached upon by the projection of the penultimate whorl, assumes a crescent-like figure. When this crescent of the aperture is as wide as it is high, or wider, it becomes the HELIX, Brug. and Lam. Some of them have a globular shell, Of this number is the Helix pomatia, L., common in the gar- dens and vineyards of France, with a reddish shell marked with paler bands, an animal which in some places is considered a deli- cious article of food. The Hel. nemoralis, L., is another; whose shell is variously and vividly coloured ; in wet seasons it is very injurious to espaliers*. There are but few persons who have not heard of the curious facts respecting the reproduction of their amputated partsf. In others the shell is depressed, that is, the spire is flattened^. * Add the Hel. glauca, H. citrina; H. rapa ; H. castanca; H. ylolulus; . //. lactta; H. arbustontm ; JU.fulva; H. fpistt/lium : H. cincta; H. liyatq; H. asptrsa.- H. extcnsa; //. nemarcnsis ; H. fruiicum; H. lucena; H. tit tat a ;-*- //. rvsacfa; U. it alia; //. lusitanica: H. aculeata; H. turluntm ; H. cretacta ; il. Ay Mtvu; H. tcrrtstris ; //. nicca ; H. hortensis ; H. lucomm; ff. grisea ; H. hiella ; H. maculosa; H. naria; H. corrvgata; //. ericctorum ; // ntcns;H.costata:H.i*lchella;H. ceUana;H.obtoluta : H- streiyosula ; H.rutlinta ; H. cryslallina ; //. ungitlina ; //. rnlrutus ; //. inrolntlus ; //, f: // . conw renatonutit, &c. OL. 111. U 34 MOLLUSC A. Some of these have ribs projecting internally*, and there are others in which the last whorl is suddenly recurved, (in the adult,) assuming an irregular and plaited formf . VITRINA, Drap. HELICO-LIMAX, Feruss. The Vitrinse are Helices with a very thin flattened shell, without an umbilicus ; the aperture large, but its margin not tumid ; the body too large to be completely drawn into the shell ; the mantle has a double border J, the upper one, which is divided into several lobes, extends considerably beyond the shell, and being reflected over it, polishes it by friction. The known European species inhabit wet places, and are very small. Hot climates produce larger ones. There are some species of Helix, in which the body can hardly enter the shell, although not furnished with this double border, which should be approximated to them ||. When the crescent of the aperture is higher than it is wide, a disposition which always obtains when the spire is oblong or elon- gated, it constitutes the BULIMUS TERRESTRIS, Brug. Which requires a still further subdivision : BULIMUS, Lam. Margin of the aperture tumid in the adult, but without denta tions. Hot climates produce large and beautiful species, some of which are remarkable for the volume of their ova, the shell of which is of a stony hardness ; and others for their left shell. Several moderate-sized or small species are found in France, one of which, the Helix decollata, Gm.; Chemn., cxxvi, 1254, 1257, has the singular habit of successively fracturing the whorls of the summit of the spire. This is the example referred to, as a proof that the muscles of the animal can be detached from * Hel. sinuata; //. lucerna; H. lychnuchus ; H. cepa; H. isognomostoma ; H. sinuosa ; H . punctata, &c. \-Hel. ringens, Chemn., IX, cix, 919, 920, the AXOSTOMA of Lam., or TOMO- GERES, Montf. ; an analogous fossil shell is the STROPHOSTOMA, Deshayes. See, also, pi. v, vi, vii, viii, of Draparn., with the accompanying descriptions ; the works of Sturm and Pfeiffer on the German species, but particularly see the splendid folio of M. de F^russac on the " Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles." J Termed by M. de Fe'russac " une curiasse et un colirlier." Hel. pellucida, Mull, and Geoff. ; Vitrina pellucida, Drap., VIIT, 3437.': the Helicarion, Q,uoy and Gaym., Zool. de Freycin., pl.lxvii, 1; Feruss., pi. ix f. 14. || Hel. rufa and brevipcs, Feruss., Drap., VIII, 2633. GASTEROPODA PUI.MONBA. '>> tin- hln-11 ; for at a particular epoch, of all tlur whorls of the spi** originally possessed by thi* Bulinius, not u ^in^lc urn- remains*. PUPA, Lam. Have the summit of the shell very obtuse ; the last whorl, in the adult, becoming again narrower than the others, giving it the fornj of an ellipsoid, or sometimes almost that of a cylinder ; the surrounding margin of the apertute tumid and emarginated on the side next to tin- spire by the preceding whorl. Small species, inhabiting wet places, among mosses, &c. SomctiiiK's there is no dentation f. More commonly there is one in that portion of the aperture which is closed by the penultimate whorl J. It is frequently observed inside of the external edgej). CHONDRUS, Cuv. Have the aperture, as in the last mentioned Pupre, indebted on the side next to the spine by the preceding whorl, and bordered with salient himiiue or teeth; but the form is more ovoid, like that of a common Bulimus. Some of them have teeth on the margin of the aperture . Others are furnished with more deeply seated laminae^). II ! terminates that series of terrestrial Helices, the adult shells of which have a tumid margin round the aperture. SUCCINEA, Drop. Have the shell oval, and the aperture higher than it is broad, as in Bulimus, but larger in proportion, and the margin of the aperture Add Helix otalis, Gm., Chemn., IX. .cxix, 1020, 1021 ; H. obloaga, Ib., 1022, 1023; H. trifusriata, Id., ('XXXI V, 1215 ; H.drxlra, Ib., 1210, 1212; ,/erntpta, Ib., 1213,1214; Z/., Ib., 1215 ;//., Ib., 1224, 1225; H. per- versa, Id., CX and CXI, 928 937 ; H. inversa, Ib., 925, 926 ; H. contrariv, Id., CXI, 938, 939; H. lava, Ib., 940 and 949; H. labiosa, Id., CXXXIV, 1234 ; #.,Ib., 1232; I/., Ib., 1231 ; H. crttacca, Id., CXXXVI, 1263; H. pudica, Id., ( \ \ 1 . 1 042 ; H. calrirca, Id., CXXXV, 1226. Hrlla auris Malcha, L., Gm., Ib., 1037, 1038, V, Ib., 1041. Hitlimtts columba, Brag., Seb., Ill, Ixxi, 61 ; Bui. fasciolatus, Oliv., Voy., pi. f. S. For the small species of France, see Draparuaud, Moll. terr. etfluviat., |.l. iv, f. 2132. f Bulimia labrosus, Oliv., Voy. pi. xxxi, f. 10, A, B ; Pupa edentula, Drap. Ill, 38, 29 ; Pupa obtusa, Id., 43, 44 ; Bui. fusus, Brag. to urn, L., Martini, IV, cliii, 1439; Turbo muscorum, L. (Papa marginata, Drnp., Ill, 36, 37, 38) ; Ppa muscontm, Drap., III. C6, 27. (Vertigo cylindrica, . ); Pvpa umbilicata, Drap. Ill, 39, 40 ; P. duliolum, Ib., 41,42. || llrl. rrrtigo, Gm., (Pupa vertigo, Drap., Ill, 34, 35) ; Pupa antivertigo, Ib., 32, 33; Pupa pygm*a, Ib., 30, 31 ; BuKmus ovularis, Oliv., Voy., XVII, 12, Vb. $ llulimus zebra, ., 56, 66. t Bulimus amaceus, Drug., mp.) Ib. 3. D 2 36 MOLLUSCA. not tumid ; the side of the columella is almost concave. The shell will not receive the entire animal, and it might almost be considered as a large-shelled Testacella. Its inferior tentacula are very small, and it lives on the plants and shrubs which line the banks of rivulets, a cir- cumstance which has caused the genus to be considered as amphi- bious*. It is necessary to separate from the genus Turbo of Linn, and refer to the genus of terrestrial Helices the following : CLAUSILIA, Drap. The shell is long, slender, and pointed, the last whorl, in the adult, narrowed, compressed, slightly detached, and terminated by a com- plete aperture with a tumid margin, frequently dentated or furnished with laminae. In the contraction of the last whorl we usually find a little plate bent into an. S, the use of which to the living animal is unknown. The species are very small, living in mosses at the foot of trees, &c. A great many of them are reversed-)-. It is also necessary to separate from the Bulla of Linn, and place here ACHATINA, Lam. In which the aperture of the oval or oblong shell is higher than it is broad, as in the Bulimi, but it wants the tumid margin ; the ex- tremity of the columella also is truncated, the first indication of the emarginations which we shall find in so many marine Gasteropoda. These Achatinse are large Helices, which devour trees and shrubs in hot countries {. Montfort distinguishes those, in the last whorl of which we find a callus or peculiar thickening, Liguns, Montf.|| ; this whorl is propor- tion ably lower in them than in the others : And those in which the extremity of the columella is curved to- wards the inside of the aperture, Polyphemus, Montf. ; the last whorl is higher, The * Succinca amphibia, Drap., IV, 22, 23 (Helix putris, L.) ; S. oblong a, Ib., 24. The genera COCHLQHYDRA, F^russ., LUCINA, Oken, TASSADE, Huder, cor- respond to the Succinese. M. Delarnark at first styled them AMPHIBULIMI. The Amphibulime encapuchonnt, Lam., Ann. du Mus. VI, Iv, l,may also form a Testa- cella. t Turbo perversus, L., List., 41, 39 ; T. bidens, Gm., Drap., IV. 5, 7 ; T. pa- pillaris, Gm., Drap., Ib., 13 ; and the other Clausiliae of Drap., figured on the same plate; Bulimus retusus, Oliv., Voy., XVII, 2; Bui. inflatus, Ib., 3; Bui. teres, Ib., 6 ; Bui. torticollis, Ib., 4, a, b ; Turbo tridens, L., Chemn., IX, xii, 957 ; Clausilia collaris, F^russ., List., 20, 16, J Bulla zebra, L. Chemn., IX, ciii. 875, 876; cxviii, 1014 1016; Bulla achatina, Ib., 1012, 1013; Bulla purpurea, Ib., 1018; Bulla dominicensis, Id., CXVII, 1011: Bulla stercus pulicum, CXX, 1026, 1027; Bulla Jtammea, Id., CXIX, 1021 1025; Helix tenera, Gm., Ib., 1028, 1030; Bulimus bicarinatus, Brug., List., 37 ;Mtlanie buccino'ide, Oliv., Voy., XVII, 8. || Bulla virginea, L., Chemn., IX, cxvii, 1000, 1003 ; X, clxxiii, 1682 3. Bulimus elamark, have, like a Bulimi, an oblong spire and the aperture higher than it is wide ; but the margin, like that of a Succinea, is not reflected, and there is a longitudinal fold in the columella, which runs obliquely into the cavity. The shell is thick ; the animal has two compressed, broad, triangular tentacula, near the base of whose inner edge are the eyes. They feed on plants and seeds, and their stomach is- a very muscular gizzard, preceded by a crop. Like all the Pulmonea, they are her- maphrodites, and the female organ of generation being far from the other, they are compelled so to copulate, that the individual which acts as a male for one, serves as a female for a third ; long strings of them may be observed in this position. They inhabit stagnant waters in great numbers ; they also abound with the Planorbes in certain layers of marl or calcareous strata, which they evidently prove were deposited in fresh waterf. PHYSA, Drap. The Physae, which were placed without any just motive among the Bullae, have a shell very similar to that of a Lymnaea, but without the fold in the columella and reflected edge, and very thin. When the animal swims or crawls, it covers its shell with the two notched lobes of its mantle, and has two long, slender and pointed tentacula, on the greatly enlarged internal base of which are the eyes. These are the small mollusca of our fountains. One of them, Bulla fontincdis, L., which is sinistral, is found in France*. According to the observations of Van Hasselt, we should place here the SCARABJEUS, Montf. Which has an oval shell, the aperture narrowed by projecting and stout dentations on the side next to the columella, as well as towards * Hel. slagnalis, L. of which H.fragilis is a variety ; H.palustris ; Htperegra ; H. limosa ; //. nuncularin. See Drap., pi. ii, f. 28, 42, and pi. iii. f. 1,7. f The mantle of the Limn, glntinosiis, like that of the Physae, is sufficiently ninple to envelope its shell. It is the genus AMPHIPEPLEA. Nilson, Moll, sure. J The neighbouring specie*, KvU. hypnnrum, L., and Physa acu/a, and Scafurit/inum, Drap., require an examination of their animals. Vide, Drap., p. 54, et scq. GASTEROPODA NUDIBRANCHIATA. .'J! the external margin; this margin is enlarged, and as the animal renews it after each semi-whorl, the shell projects most on two oppo- site lines, and has a compressed appearance. They feed on aquatic plants in the Archipelago of India*. The two following genera were among the Volutae. AURICULA, Lam. Differing from all the preceding aquatic Pulmonea in the columella, which is marked with wide and oblique flutings. Their shell is oval or oblong, the aperture elevated as in Bulimus, and the margin tumid. Several are large ; we are not certain whether they inhabit marshes like the Lymnaei, or their borders like the Succineae. Auricula myosotis. Drap. Ill, 16, 17; Carychium myosotis, Feruss. The only species in France; the animal has but two tentacula, and the eyes are at their base ; from the shores of the Mediterranean!. CONVOVULUS, Lam. MELAMPES, Movtf. Projecting folds on the columella, as in the Auriculae, but the margin of the aperture is not tumid, and the internal lip is finely striated ; the general form of the shell is that of a cone, of which the spire forms the base. They inhabit the rivers of the AntillesJ. ORDER II. NUDIBRANCHIATA||. The Nudibranchiata have neither shell nor pulmonary cavity, their branchiae being exposed on some part of the back. They all are hcrraaphroditical and marine animals, frequently swimming in a re- versed position, with the foot on the surface, concave like a boat, and using the assistance of the margin of their mantle and then tentacula as oars. In the * Helix scarabaus, L. f Add, Valuta auris Jft&e, L., Martini, II, xliii, 43638; Chemn.,X, cxlix, 1395, 1396 ; Valuta attrit Juda, L., Martini, II, xliv, 44951 ; Vol. auris Sikru, Born., IX, 3 t ; Vol. glabra Mart II. xliii, 447, 448 ; Vol. coffea, Chemn., IX, cxxi, 1044. I Valuta roinu/a, L., Mart., II, xliii, f. 445, or Bulimits contformis, Drug. ; Bui. monile, Brag., Mart. Ib., f. 444 ; Bui. ovulut, Br., Mart., lb., 446. || My four first orders are united by M. de Blainville in what he terms a sub- class, designating them by the name of PARACEPHALOPHOKA MONOICA. He makes two orders of my Nudibranckiata ; in the first, or the CYCLOBRANCHIATA, he places Doris and other analogous genera: in the second, or the POLYBRANCHIATA, are Tritonia and the following genera, which he divides into two families, according to the presence of two or four tentacula. 40 MOLLUSCA. DORIS*, Cuv. Have the anus open on the posterior part of the back, the branchiae being arranged in a circle round it, under the form of a little tuft, the whole resembling a sort of flower. The mouth is a small proboscis, situated under the anterior margin of the mantle, and furnished with two little conical tentacula. Two other claviform tentacula arise from the anterior superior part of the mantle. The openings of the genital organs are approximated under its right margin. The sto- mach is membranous. A gland interlaced with the liver excretes a peculiar fluid through a hole near the anus. The species are nu- merous, and some of them large. They are found in every sea, where their ova, resembling gelatinous bands, are diffused over stones, sea- weed, &c.f The ONCHIDORA, Elainv. Only differ from Doris in the separation of the genital organs, the orifice of which communicates by a furrow running along the right side as in Onchidium.J In the I PLOCAMOCEROS, Leuck. Have all the characters of the Onchidorse, in addition to which the anterior margin of their mantle is ornamented with numerous branched tentacula||. POLYCERA, CtlV. Have the branchiae, as in Doris, on the hind part of the body, but more simple, and followed by two membranous laminae, which cover them in moments of danger ; anterior to the claviform tentacula, * A name first applied by Linnteus to an animal of this genus, which, however, he characterized badly. It was afterwards extended by Muller and Gmelin to almost the whole of the Nudibranchiata, and restored by me to its original signification. t Species with an oval mantle projecting beyond the foot : Doris verrucosa, L., Cuv., Ann. du Mus., IV, Ixxiii, 4, 5 : Doris aryo, L., Bohatsch, Anim. Mar. V, 4, 5 ; Doris obvelata, Mull., Zool. Dan., XLVIII, 1, 2; Doris fusca , Id., Ib., LXVII, 6, 9 ; Doris stellata, Boram<*, Act. Fless., I, Hi, 4 ; Doris pilosa, Miill., loc. cit. LXXXV, 58 ;D. la>vis, Id., Ib., XLVII, 35 ; D. muricata, Id., LXXXV, 2 4; D. tuberculata, Cuv., Ann. du Mus., IV, Ixxiv, 5 ; D. limbata, Ib., Id., 3 ; D. solea, Id., Ib., 1, 2 ; D. scabra, Id., Ib., p. 446 ; D. maculosa, Id., Ib., D. tomentosa, Id., Ib. ; D. nodosa, Montag., Lin. Trans., IX, vii, 2 ; D. marginata, Lin., Trans., VII, vii, p. 84 ; D. nigricans, Otto., Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., XIII, part II, pi. xxvi. f. 1 ; D. gramdiflora, Id., Ib., XXVII, f. 3 ; D. figrina, Sav. Egyp., Gasterop., pi. i. p. 3 ; D. concentrisca, Ib., f. 5 ; D. marmorata, Ib., f. 6, &c. Prismatic species, where the mantle is almost as narrow as the foot : Doris laccra, Cuv., Ann. du Mus., IV, Ixxiii, f. 1 and 2; D, atromarginata, Id., Ib., Ixxiv, 6; />. pustitlosa, Id., Ib., p. 473 ; D. gracilis, Rapp., Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. XIII, part II, pi. xxvii, f. 10. See also Van Hassel. Bullet. Univ., 1824, Octob,, Zool., p. 235. J Onchidora Leachii, Blainv., Malac., pi. xlvi, f. 8. j| Plocamoceros ocdlatus> Leuck., App. Ruppel., Invert, pi. 5, f. 3. GASTEROPODA NUDIBRANCH1ATA. 41 similar to those in Doris, are four, and sometimes six others, simply pointed*. TRITONIA, Cuv. Have the body, the superior tcntacula and genital organs as in Doris ; but the anus and the orifice through which the peculiar liquid is ex- creted, are pierced on the right behind the organs of generation ; the branchiae, which resemble little trees, are arranged along the sides of the back, and the mouth, provided with broad membranous lips, is armed inside with two horny and trenchant lateral jaws, which may be compared to a pair of sheep-shears. Trit. Hombergii, Cuv., Ann. du Mus., I, xxxi, 1, 2, and the Journ. de Phys., 1785. October, pi. ii. A large species of a cop- per colour, from the coast of France. The same locality produces many others which vary greatly in size and the form of their branchiae f ; several of them are very small J. THETHYS, Lin. Have all two rows of branchiae resembling branching tufts along the back, and a very large membranous and fringed veil on the head, which shortens as it curves under the mouth ; this latter is a membra- nous proboscis without jaws ; on the base of the veil are two com- pressed tentacula, from whose margin projects a small conical point. The orifices of the genital organs, of the anus, and of the peculiar fluid are situated as in the Tritoniae. The stomach is membranous and the intestine very short, T. fimbria, L., ; Cuv., Ann. du Mus., XII. xxiv||. Grey spotted with white ; a beautiful species from the Mediterranean . SCYLL.EA, Lin. Have the body compressed ; the foot narrow and marked with a fur- row which enables it to clasp the stems of the fuci ; no veil ; the * Doris quadrilineata, Mull., Zool., Dan., I, rvii , 46, and better, Ib., cxxxviii, 5 6; D. cornuta, Ib., cxlv, 1, 2, 3 ; D.ftaca, Lin. Trans., VII, vii. p. 84; Polycera lincata, Risso, Hist., Nat., IV, pi. i. f. 5. f Sucb are Trit. clegans, Descr., de 1'Eg. Zool., Caster., pi. 2, f. 1 ; Trit. ntbra, Lcuck., App., Rupp., Invert., pi. 4, f. 1 ; TV. (jlnuca, Ib., f. 2 ; T. ci/anoliranchiuta, Ib., f. 3 ; T. arborescent, Cuv., Ann. du Mus., VI, Ixi, and three others, at least closely allied; Doris arbor escens, Strain., Act., Hafn., X, v. 5 ; Doris frondosa, Ascan., Act. Dronth., V, v, 2, and Doris cervina, Bomm,t.. 1824, p. 240. Messrs Quoy and Gayraard found It at the Fiu-mlly Islands. 44 JiOLLUSCA. PHYLLIDIA, Cuv. The mantle naked, usually coriaceous, and without any shell; the mouth, a small proboscis, each side of which is furnished with a ten- taculum ; two others project from above two small cavities in the mantle. The anus is on the hind part of the mantle, and the genital orifices forward, under the right side ; the heart near the middle of the back; the stomach simple and membranous, and the intestine short. Several species inhabit the Indian Ocean*. DlPHYLLIDIA, Cuv. The branchiae similar to those of the Phyllidise, but the posterior part of the mantle more pointed ; on each side of the semicircular head a pointed tentaculum and a slight tubercle ; the anus on the right sidef . ORDER IV. TECTIBRANCHIATA J. Have the branchiae attached along the right side or on the back, in the form of leaflets, more or less divided, but not symmetrical ; they are more or less covered by the mantle, in the thickness of which a small shell is generally contained. They are approximated to the Pectinibranchiata by the form of the organs of respiration, and like them inhabit the ocean; but they are all hermaphrodites like the Nudibranchiata and the Pulmonea. PLEUROBARCHUS, Cuv. Have the body equally overlapped by the mantle and by the foot, as if it were between two shields. In some species a little oval calca- reous lamina is contained in the mantle, and a horny one in that of others; the mantle is emarginated above the head. The branchiae * Phyllidia trilincata, Seb., Ill, i, 16; Cuv., Ann. du Mus., V, xviii, 1; and Zool., Voy. Freycin., pi. 87, f. 710; Ph. ocellata, Cuv., Ib. 7; Ph. pustulosa, Id. Ib. 8, and some new species. f Diphyllidia Bnigmansii, Cuv. ; Diphyll. Uneata, Otto., Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., X, vii, or Pleuro-phyllidia, Meckel., Germ. Archiv., VIII, p. 190, pi. ii, delle Chinie, Mem., X, 12. N.B. The Linguelle of Elfort, Blainv., Malac., pi. xlvii, f. 2, does not appear to differ from our first species. J M. de Blainville has given to this order the name of MONOPLEUROBRAN- CUIATA. GASTEROPODA TECTIBRANCHIATA. 45 are attached along the right side in the furrow, between the mantle and the foot, forming a series of pyramids divided into triangular laminulae. The mouth in the form of a small proboscis, is sur- mounted by an emarginated lip, and by two tubular and cleft tentacula ; the genital orifices are before, and the anus behind the branchiae. There are four stomachs, the second of which is fleshy and sometimes armed with bony appendages, and the third, furnished internally with salient longitudinal laminae ; the intestine is short. Various species inhabit both the Mediterranean and the At- lantic, some of which are large and marked with the most beautiful colours*. PLEUROBRANCMA, Meckel. PLEUROBRANCHIDIUM, Bl. Have the branchiae and genital orifices situated as in Pleurobranchus ; but the anus is above the branchiae, the margins of the mantle and foot project but little, and on the fore-part of the former are four short, distant tentacula, forming a square, which reminds the observer of the anterior disk of the Acerae. I can find but one stomach, which is merely a dilatation of the canal, with thin parietes. A multifidous glandular organ opens behind the genital orifices ; there is no vestige of a shell. Pleurob. Meckelii, Leve, Diss. de Pleur., 1813f. The only species known ; from the Mediterranean. APLYSIA, Lin.\. Have the margins of the foot turned up into flexible crests, sur- rounding the back in all its parts, and even susceptible of being reflected over it ; the head supported by a neck more or less long ; .two superior tentacula excavated like the ears of a quadruped, with two flattened ones on the edge of the lower lip ; the eyes above the former. The branchiae are on the back, and consists of highly com- plicated leaflets attached to a broad membranous pedicle, covered by a small mantle also membranous, in the thickness of which is a flat Pleurobranchus Peronii, Cuv., Ann. du Mus., V, xviii 1,2; PI. tubercu- latus, Meckel., Anat. Compar., 1, v, 3340; and some new species, such as the Pleur. oblongus, Descr. de 1'Eg., Moll. Caster., pi. iii, f. 1 ; Plaur auranliacus, Id., Risso., Hist. Nat. Merid. IV, pi. i, f. 8 ; PI. luniceps, Cuv. ; PI. Fonkalii, Forsk., pi. x xviii, and Leuckard, App., Ruppel., An. Invert., pi. v; PI. citrinus, Ib., f. 1. The genus LAMELLARIA, Montag., Lin. Trans., XI, pi. xii, f. 3 and 4, does not appear to me to differ in any essential point from Pleurobranchus ; the same obser- vation applies to the BKRTHBLLA of Blainv., Malac., pi. xliii, f. 1. The latter is distinguished merely because the mantle is not emarginated above the head, as is the case in many species of Pleurobranchus. The PI. oblongus would belong to it, and even the PI. luniceps. t It is the genus Plturobranchidium of Blainv., Malac., pi. xliii, f. 3 ; but not as he thinks the Pltvrobranchus tuberculatus of Meckel. t Aphuia, which cannot clean itself, a name given by Aristotle to certain Zoophytes. Linnaeus erroneously applied it as above. The animals here spoken of were well known to the ancients, who styled them Sea-Hares, and attributed to them many fabulous properties. 46 MOLLUSCA. and homy shell. The anus opens behind the branchiae, and is frequently concealed under the lateral crests ; the vulva is before on the right, and the penis projects from under the right tentaculura, The seminal fluid is conducted in coitu, from the penis to the vulva by a groove, which extends from one to the other. An enormous membranous crop leads to a muscular gizzard, armed internally with cartilaginous and pyramidal corpuscles, which is followed by a third stomach sown with sharp hooks, and by a fourth in the form of a caecum. The intestine is voluminous, and the animal feeds on fucus. A limpid humour, secreted by a peculiar gland, and which in certain species is said to be extremely acrid, is exuded through an orifice near the vulva, and from the edges of the mantle oozes an abundant liquid of a deep purple colour, with which, when in danger, the animal tinges the water for a considerable extent. The ova are deposited in a kind of long, interlaced, glairy net work, of extreme tenuity. In the seas of Europe we have : Apl. fasciata, Poiret ; Rang. Apl., pi. vi, vii. Black; margined with lateral red crests : one of the large species. Apl. punctata, Cuv.; Ann. du Mus., tome II, p. 287, pi. 1, f. 2 4 ; Rang, Apl., pi. xviii, f. 2. Lilac, sprinkled with greenish points. ApL depitans,L.', Bohatsch., Anim.Mar. pi. i andii; Rang., pi. xvi. Blackish, with large greyish, clouded spots. Several other species are found in distant seas*. DOLABELLA, The Dolabettae only differ from the Aplysiee in the position of the branchiae and their surrounding envelope ; they are at the posterior extremity of the body, which resembles a truncated cone. Their lateral crest presses closely on their branchial apparatus, merely leaving a narrow furrow ; their cell is calcareous. They are found in the Mediterranean and in the Indian Ocean.f NOTARCHUS, CUV. H ave their lateral crests united and covering the back, a longitu- * Aplysia brasiliana, Rang, pi. viii, 1, 2, 3 ; A. dactylomela, Id., IX; A. pro- tea, Id., X, 1 ; A. sorex, Id., X. 4, 5, 6 ; A. tigrina, Id., XI ; A. maculata, Id. XII, 1 5; A. marmorata, Blainv. Journ. de Phys., Janv., 1823, Rang, XII, 6, 7 ; A. Keraudrenii, Id., XIII ; A. Lessonii, Id., XIV; A. camelus, Cuv., Ann. du Mus., and Rang, XV, 1 ; A. alba, Cuv., Ib., and Rang, XV, 2, 3 ; A. napolitana, Id., XV, bis; A. rirescens, Risso, Hist. Nat. Mer., pi. 1,7. It is well, however, to observe, that most of the Aplysise having been drawn from specimens preserved in spirits, the truth of the specific characters of some of them may be doubted. f* Dolabella Rumphii, Cuv., Ann. du Mus., V, xxix, 1 : and Rumph. Thes. Amb., pi. x. 6, from the Molluccas, or Aplysia Rumphii, Rang, pi. i ; ApL ecaudata Rang, pi. ii ; A. truncata, Id. ; A. teremidi, Id. Ill, 1 ; A. yigas, Id., 111,4 ; A.Hassdtii, Id., XXIV, 1. J Notarchus gelatinosus, Cuv., to which M. Rang associates the Eursutella Savig- niana, Descr. de 1'Eg., ZooL, Caster., pi. ii, f. 1,2, and Rang, ApL, pi. xx, and his ApL Pleii, pi. xxi, and some small species. GASTEROPODA TKCTIBRANCHIATA. 1 / dinal emargination excepted, that leads to the branchiae, which have no mantle to cover them, but are otherwise like those of the Aplysiae as well as the rest of their organization J. In the^ BURSATELLA, BlaiUV . The lateral crests are united in front in such a manner as only to leave an oval aperture for the transmission of water to the branchiae, which are also deprived of a protecting mantle*. These two genera, however, probably form but one. AKERA, Muller. Have their branchiae covered, as in the preceding genera, but their tentacula are so shortened, widened, and separated, that they seem to be totally wanting, or rather to form a large, fleshy, and nearly rec- tangular shield, under which are the eyes. Independently of this, the hermaphroditism of these animals, the position of their genital organs, the complication and armature of their stomach, and the purple liquid effused by several of their species, approximate them to the Aplysiae. The shell, of such as have any, is more or less convo- luted, but with little obliquity, and is without a projecting spire, emargination, or canal ; the columella, projecting convexly, gives a crescent-like figure to the aperture, the part opposite to the spire being always the broadest and most rounded. M. de Lamarck names those in which the shell is concealed in the thickness of the mantle, BULL^EA (a). It has but very few whorls, and the animal is much too large to be drawn into it. Bullaa aperta, Lam.; Bulla apertaand Lobaria quadriloba, Gm. ; Phyline quadripartite Ascan. ; Mull., Zool. Dan., JJI, pi. ci. ; Blanc., Conch. Mm. Not., pi. xi ; Cuv., Ann. du Mus. t. I, pi. xii, 6f. (The Sea Wafer), the animal is whitish, and about an inch long ; the fleshy shield, formed by the vestiges of its tentacula, the lateral swellings of its foot, and the mantle occu- pied by the shell, seem to divide its upper surface into four lobes. Its thin, white, semi-diaphanous shell, is nearly all aper- ture, and its gizzard is armed with three very thick rhomboidal * Bunatetta Lcachii, Blainv.,Malac., pi. xliii, f. 6. N.B. Authors hare also approximated to the Aplysiee the Apl. riridis, Montag., Lin. Trans., VII, pi. vii, which forms the genus ACTION of Oken, and which is at least closely allied to the Elysie timid f, Risso, Hist. Nat. Her., IV, pi. i, f. 3, 4 ; as I am not acquainted with the branchiae of either, I cannot class them. f The Sonnet, Adans., Senegal, pi. i, f. 1, is a species closely allied to Bullaa; but T cannot establish a genus, or even a species, upon so imperfect a document. 0^7* (a) There are other reasons than those above-mentioned for the measure employed by Lamarck. The shell of Bulla Aperta is not only slightly concave, but it is very thin and fragile, and partially rolled inwards on itself. Indeed we may adduce Lamarck's division of the Linntean genus bulla as a very happy specimen of the vast superiority of the natural over the artificial system, for up to the time at which he separated it into Bulliaea, Ovula, Physa, Terebellnm, and Achatina, and adding the remainder of Bulla to the genera Pysuln, and Bulimus, the Linnaean genus was a combination of the most discordant elements. Such as marine, fresh water, and land shells. ENO. ED. 48 MOLLUSCA. pieces of bone. It is found in almost every sea, where it lives on oozy bottoms. M. de Lamarck leaves the name of BULLA*, to those species whose shell, merely covered with a slight epidermis, is large enough to shelter the animal. It is somewhat more convoluted than in Bullaea. BuLla lignaria, L. ; Martini, I, xxi, 194,95; Cuv., Ann. du Mus., XVI, 1 ; Pol. Test. Neap., Ill, pi. xlvi. (The Wafer.) The oblong shell with its concealed spire and ample aperture, very wide anteriorly, resembles a loosely rolled lamina, streaked in the direction of its whorls. The stomach of the animal is armed with two large semi-oval osseous pieces, and with a small com- pressed onef. Bulla ampulla. L,; Martini, I, xxii, 20, 204; Cuv., Ann. du Mus., XVI, 1. (The Nutmeg). The shell oval, thick, clouded with grey and brown ; the stomach furnished with three black, very convex, rhomboidal pieces. Bulla Hydatis, L, ; Chemn. IX, cxviii, 1019 ; Cuv., Ann. du Mus., XVI, I. (The Water Drop.) Shell round, thin, and semi- diaphanous ; the last whorl, and consequently the aperture, higher than the spire ; three small scutelliform pieces in the gizzardj. We reserve the name of AKERA, properly so called, DORIDIUM, Mech., LOB ARIA, Blainv., for those species which have no shell what- ever, or only a vestige of one behind, although their mantle has its external form. A small species, Bulla carnosa, Cuv., Ann. du Mus., XVI, 1 ; Meek., Anat. Compar., II, vii, 1, 3; Blainv. Malac., pi. xlv, f. 3, is found in the Mediterranean. The only armature of the stomach is the mantle ; its fleshy oesophagus is extremely thick. A tuberculous species, Doridium Meckelii, Delle Chiaie, Me- mor.,pl. x, f. 1 5, inhabits the same sea. The GASTROPTERON, Meckel. Appear to be Akerse, the margin of whose foot is extended into broad wings, used in natation, which they effect on their back. It has no shell, nor has the stomach any armature ; a slight fold of skin is the only vestige of branchial operculum that is perceptible. * The genus Bulla, Lin., not only comprised the Akerez, but also the Auricula, Agaiintf, Physa, Ovula and Terebella, animals between which there is much difference. Bntgieres commenced the work of reformation by separating the Agatinee and the Auriculae, which he united to the Lymnei in the genus Bulimus ; M. de Lamarck finished it by creating all the genera we have just named. f Gioeni having observed this stomach separate from the animal, mistook it for a shell, and made a genus of it, to which he gave his own name (The Tricla of Retzius, Char, Brug.). Gioeni even went so far as to describe its pretended habits. Draparnaud was the first who perceived this mixture of error and fraud. J Add, Bulla naucum ; Bulla physis. Muller describes smaller ones, such as the Akera bullata, Zool. Dan., LXXI, or Bulla akera, Gin. OASTEROI'olM 11 TBROPODA. 49 G. Mfr/w/ii : Rosso, Di*s. de Pteropodum Ordinc, Hake, J813, f. 1113; and JJlainv. Malacol.. pi. xlv, f. 5; or Clio timitti, Delle Chiaie, M.-inor., pi. ii, f. 18. A small animal an inch long, and two broad, tin- \vinLf-. being extended. From the Mediterranean. For the present, and until our anatomical studies are more ex- tended, we arc under the neees.sity of placing in tliis order of Tecti- bran -Itiat i. \\\\ I even very cloee t> tin- pleurobranchus, the singular genus, GASTBOPLAXj Jt/fiiiir. ( )M r,i;i :i.i.i>. of Lam. 'I'll.- animal is a lug.- and circular niollusca, whose foot projects con- siderably beyond tin- mantle, and its upper surface is studded with tubercles. The viscera are in a round, superior, and central part. Tin- mantle is only visibl.- by its slightly projecting and trenchant nlges, alon.uf the whole of the front and of the right side. The lamel- 1 ite.l pyramidal branchiae, like those of the Pleurobranchus, are under this slight ni irgin, and behind them is a tubular anus. Under this HUM margin and forwards, are two tentacula, longitudinally cleft, as in I'leurobranclms, at whose internal base are the eyes; between them is a kind of proboscis, which may possibly be the organ of ration. There is a large concave space in the anterior margin of th toot, the edges of which are susceptible of being drawn up like the mouth of a purse, and at the bottom of which is a tubercle, pierced by an orifice, which perhaps is the mouth, and surmounted by a fringed membrane. The inferior surface of the foot is smooth, and serves the animal to crawl on, as in the other Gasteropoda. The animal carries a shell which is stony, flat, irregularly rounded, thickest in the middle, with trenchant edges, and marked with slightly ntiic striae. It was at first thought to be attached to the foot, but more recent observation has proved that it is on the mantle, and in the usual place*. ORDER V. HETEROPODA, Lam\. The Heteropoda are distinguished from all other mollusca by In tin- spri-iim-n from the UritMi Museum described by M. de BlainviUe, lluili-t. 1'hil., isp.j. p. 17-, ; 1>\ the name of GA8TROPLAX, the slu-H is, in fact, .-.I to tlu- mi. k-r pan i.f tin- foot, ami by what means it is difficult to determine ; tin- tiKintli. lm\M-\-r. is so thin, that it M-rms as if it must have been protected by ; yimml li.is ju-,t brought to France a specimen which hail lost its . it ;ipp<;u>, ti-iu-es of the membranes which attached it to the mantle can be p , lir whii-ii, no remains of muscles are visible. l;u- -lu-ll isaNo found in the Mediterranean; its animal, however, has not yet ; IMT\;-C|. ..ily of the HKTEROPODA, which he names NBC- MA, and unitt-s tlu m in hi- ordt-r of the NUCLEOBRANC IIIATA with another family that !u- calls PTKROIO.)\. an 1 which, of all my Pteropoda, only includes the II ' i.c Argonaut* with it, on account of some conjecture, of which ignorant. rot, in. 5 MOLLU8CA. their foot, which, instead of forming a horizontal disk, is compressed into a vertical muscular lamina, which they use as a fin, and on the edge of which, in several species, is a dilatation forming a hollow cone, that represents the disk of the other orders. Their branchiae, composed of plumiforin lobes, arc situated on the hind part of the back, dirtvtcd forwards, and immediately in their rear arc the heart and a small liver, with part of the viscera and the internal organs of generation. Their body, a gelatinous and transparent substance lined with a muscular layer, is elongated and usually terminated by a compressed tail. There is a muscular mass belonging to the mouth, ;md a tongue furnished with little hooks ; the oesophagus is very long; their stomach thin ; two prominent tubes on the right side of the visceral bundle aiford a passage to the fseces, semen or ova. They usually swim on their back with the foot upwards*. They have the faculty of distending their body by filling it with water, in a way not well understood. Forskahl comprised them all in his genus. PTEROTRACHEA, Forsk. But we have been compelled to subdivide them. CARINARIA, Lam.-f Have the nucleus formed of the heart, liver, and organs of generation, covered by a slender, symmetrical and conical shell, the point of which is bent backwards and frequently relieved by a crest, under whose anterior edge float the feathers of the branchiae ; two tenta- cula on the head, and the eyes behind their base. One species, Carinaria cymbium, Lam. ; Peron, Ann. du Mus., XV, iii, 15 ; Poli, III, xliv ; Ann. des Sc. Nat,, tome XVI, pi. 1 , inhabits the Mediterranean. Another, the Carinaria fragilis, Bory Saint- Vincent, Voy. aux Isles d'Afr., I, vi, 4 J, is found in the Indian Ocean. * This mode of natation induced Peron to think that the natatory lamina A\ as on the back, and the heart and branchiae under the belly, and has given rise to many errors as respects the place of these animals. A simple inspection of their ner- vous system led me to suppose, in my Memoirs on the Mollusca, that they were analogous to the Gasteropoda. A more exact anatomical investigation, made sines then, with that given by M. Poli in his vol. Ill, fully confirms my supposition. The fact is, that there is but little difference between the Heteropoda and the Tcctibranchiala, notwithstanding which, M. Laurillard believes their sexes to be separated. f Forskahl comurised all these animals in his genus PTEROTRACHEA, for which name Brugiere substituted that of FIROLA. P6ron having divded the genus, appropriated the name of Carinaria to those with a shell, and that of Firohi to the others. Rondelet gives the Carinaria, but without its shell. " De Insect. Zooph. cap. XX." J Add, Carinaria depressa, Rang. Ann. des Sc. Nat., Feb. 1829, p. 136. GA8TER01 , KROPODA. 51 The Argonauta vitrea of authors, Favanne, vii, c, 2; Martini, 1, xiii, 163, must be the shell of a large Carinariu, but the animal is not yet known. ATLANTA, Lesueur *. Tin- Atluntae of Lcsueur, according to the recent observations of M. Rang, are animals of this onh-r, the >h.-ll of whieh, instead of heing well opened like that of a Cariiwriu, has a narrow cavity, spirally convoluted on one plane ; its contour is relieved by a thin crest. They are extremely small Mollusca from the Indian Ocean, in one of which L:imanon thought he had discovered the original Cornu Ammonisf Atlanta Peronii and Mlnntu Keraudrenii, Lesueur, Journ. dc Phys., Ixxxv, Novemb. 1817; and Rang, Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat., tome III, p. 373, and pi. ix. FIROLA, Per on. The body, tail, foot, branchiae and visceral mass as in the Carinaria, but no shell has ever been observed; the snout is elongated into a re- curved proboscis, and the eyes are not preceded by tentacula. From the (Mid of the tail is frequently observed to proceed a long articu- lat< -d iill-'t, which Forskahl took for a Tacnia, and whose nature is not yet very clearly ascertained. One species, the Peterotrac/tea coronata, Forsk. ; Peron., Ann. du Mus., XV, ii, 8, is very common in the Mediterranean, and M. Lesueur describes several from the same sea, which he considers as different. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., Vol. I, p. 3, but which require further comparison}:. M. Lesueur distinguishes the Firoloidce, where the body, instead rminating in a compressed tail, is abruptly truncated behind the visceral bundle, Ib. p. 37. To these two, now well known genera, I presume we must add, when better understood, the TI.MORIENNA, Quoy and Gaym. Voy. de Freycln., Zool. pi. Ixxxvii, f. 1, which appears to be a Firola divested of its foot and bundle of viscera; and the MONOPHORA, Id.\\ Voy. de Freycin., Zool. pi. Ixxxvii, f. 4, 5, which has nearly the form ( V.rinaria, but is without a foot, distinct bundle of viscera, and shell. W6 must not confound the Atlattta of Lesueur with the Atlas described by him in the same place, and which, so confused is his description, I do not know how to claw. f Voyage de Lapeyronse, IV, p. 134, and pi. f>3, f. 1 4. * FlroUt BKrfico. F. ffibtK*a;F. Forskuka; F. Cu>ra, which is the P/m- trachea corona/a, Forsk. ; F. Frcdcrica, copied Malacol. llluinv., pi. xlvii, f. 4 ; /'. /Vmnw. Add, Ptcrotrachea rvfa, Quoy and Gaym., Voy. dc Freycia., Zool. f Ffrotofcte Demarfstia ; Fir. Blammltena ;Fir. rata/a, Less. II We must not confound them with the Monophone of M, Bory Saint- Vincent, (Voy. aux Isles d'Afr.,) which are Pyrosoma-. i2 52 MOLLUSC A. We are not so certain that we should place there the PHYLLIROE, Per on., An du Mus., XV, pi. ii, f. 1, where the transparent and strongly com- pressed body has a snout before, surmounted by two long tentacula without eyes, a truncated tail behind, and which allows the heart, nervous system, genital organs of both sexes to be seen through the integuments. The genital orifices and that of the anus are on the right side, and sometimes a tolerably long penis is visible ; I can find no other organ of respiration than its thin and vascular skin*. ORDER VI. PECTINIBRANCHIATAf. This order forms, beyond all comparison, the most numerous divi sion, inasmuch as it comprises the whole of the spiral univalves, and several that are simply conical. Their branchiae, composed of nu- merous lamellae or strips laid parallel with each other, like the teeth of a comb, are attached on one, two, or three lines, according to the genus, to the ceiling of the pulmonary cavity, which occupies . the last whorl of a shell, and which has a large opening between the edge of the mantle and the body. In two genera only, Cyclostoma and Helicina, do we find, instead of branchiae, a vascular network, covering the ceiling of a cavity, in other respects very similar ; they are the only ones that respire the natural air ; all the others respire water. All the Pectinibranchiata have two tentacula and two eyes, some- times placed on particular pedicles, and a mouth resembling a more or less elongated proboscis; the sexes are separated. The penis of the male, attached to the right side of the neck, cannot usually be re- tracted within the body, but is reflected into the cavity of the branchiae; it is sometimes very stout, and the Paludina is the only one which can retract it through an orifice perforated in its right tentaculum. The rectum and oviduct of the female also creep along the right side of the cavity, between them and the branchiae is a peculiar organ composed of cells, from which exudes an extremely viscid fluid ; this forms a common envelope which contains the ova, and which is * These observations are made from individuals presented to me l.y M. Quoy. M. de Blainville makes a family of Philliruc, -which he names Pnllosomo, and -which is the third of his Ajiorobrunchiula : the others are Hyalse, &c. f- M. de Blainville's sub-class Paracephaloplora Divica. GASTEROPODA PECTIN1BRANCHIATA. 53 deposited with them. The figure of this envelope is often very complex and singular*. Their tongue is armed witli little hooks, and by slow and repeated rubbing u'-ts upon the hardest bodies. The great"-t difference in these animals consists in the presence or t' tin- little canal formed by a prolongation of the edge ot" the pulmonary cavity of the left side, and which passes through a similar canal or emargination in the shell, to enable the animal to it he without leaving its shelter. There is also this distinction between the genera some of them have no operculum; the species differ from each other by the filaments, fringes, and other ornaments of the head, foot, or mantle. These Mollusca are arranged in several families according to the forms of their shells, which appear to bear a constant relation to that of the animal. FAMILY I. TROCHOIDA, Tins family is known by the shell, the aperture of which is entire, without an emargination or canal for a siphon of the mantle, as the animal has none, and is furnished with an operculum or some organ in place of itf. TROCHUS, Lin.f Have shells, the angular aperture of whose external border ap- lies more or less to a perfect quadrangular figure, and in an oblique plane, with respect to the axis of the shell, because the part of the margin next to the spire projects more than the rest. Most of these animals have three filaments on each edge of the mantle, or at least some appendages to the sides of the feet. ( M' tho>e tli ;t have no umbilicus, there are some in which the colu- mella, tint lias the form of a concave arch, is continuous with the external margin, without any projection. It is the angle and projec- tion of this mirgin which distinguishes them from Turbo Tecta- , Hi 'II. Molltf. N x, see Lister, 881, Baster, Op. Subs., I, vi, l, 2; for r,;i-trr. 10. V, I- Tin -y an- tin- rh<>niihnnictniitit of liluiuvillc. * (In- _ir;it LT< RUfl (.n.-;itr ,i!y (wiiiustuiiut, Biuiux. .:>.., V. d.\.\iii. 171213;- \iv, IJil; . 111.. r!\ii. i.-i.tiJ a7: TV. iii6riV//w, II.., 1532 3.' ; TV. M*r, Id., rlvx. i -,7{_74; rr. rinensis, lb., 1564 65 ; Turlto payuths, 1.1., dxiii. 1541 42; Turbo tecti'.m-perricum, Ib., 1543 44. 54 MOLLUSCA. * Several are flattened, with a trenchant edge, which has caused them to be compared to the rowel of a spur Calcar, Montf.* Some again are slightly depressed, orbicular and shining, with a semi-round aperture, the columella convex and callous Rotella, Lam.f The columella of others is distinguished near the base by a little prominence, or vestige of a tooth, similar to that of the Monodontcs, from which these Trcchi only differ in the angle of their aperture, and the projection of their margin. The aperture is usually about as high as it is wide Cantharis, Montf.J In some of them, on the contrary, the aperture is much wider than it is high, and their convex base approximates them to the Calyp- tracea Infundibulum, Montf. In others again, where the aperture is also much wider than it is high, the columella forms a spiral canal ||. Those which have a turreted shell approach Ccrithium Telesco- pium, Montf .^ Among the umbilicated Trochi, there are some in which there is no projection in the columella; most of them are flattened, and have the external angle trenchant. Of this number is Tr. agylutinans, L. ; Chemn., V, clxxii, 1688, 9. Remarkable for the habit of glueing to its shell, and even incorporating with it, as fast as it increases in size, various foreign bodies, such as little pebbles, fragments of other shells, &c. ; it frequently covers its umbilicus with a testaceous plate**. The margin of others, however, is rounded, such as Tr. cinerarias, L.; Chemn., V. clxxi, 1686. A small species, and the most common on the coast of France; greenish, ob- liquely streaked with violet. Some umbilicated Trochi have a prominence near the bottom of the columella ff . And, finally, there are others in which it is longitudinally cre- nateJJ. The * Turbo calcar, L., Chemn., V. clxiv, 1552; T. stellaris, Id., 1553 ; T. aculcatus, Id., 1554 57; T. imperialis, Id., 1714. f Tr. vestiarius, L., Chemn., V. clxvi, 1601. 31 J Tr. iris, Chemn., 1522 23; Tr. granatum, Ib., 1634 55; Tr. zyzyphinvs, Ib., clxvi, 1592 98; Tr. comts, clxvii, 1610; Tr. mantlatus, clxviii, 1617 18; Tr. americanus, clxii, 1534 35; Tr. conulus, Gualt., LXX, M. Trochus concavus, Chemn., V, clxxviii, 1620, 21. || Trochus foveolatus, Chemn., V, clxi, 1516 19; Tr. mauritianus, Id., clxiii, 1547 48 ; Tr.fcnestratus, Ib., 1549 50; Tr. obeliscus, clx, 1510 12. Tf Trochus telescopium, Chemn., V, clx, 1507 9. ** Add, Trochus ludicus, Chemn., V, clxxii, 1697 98; Tr. ImperiuUs, clxxiii, 1714, and clxxiv, 1715; Tr. solans, Ib., 17011702, and 1716 1717 ; Tr. planus, Ib., 1/21, 1722. ft TV. virgatus, Chemn., V. clx, 1514 15; TV. nihticus, Chemn., V. clxvii, 1605 7, clxviii, 1614; Tr. verrnts, Id., clxix, 1625 26; 7V. inftqualis, clxx, 1636 37 ; Tr. magnus, clxxi, 1656 57 ; Tr. conspersus, Gualt., Ixx. B. ; Tr. jujubinuSj clxvii, 1612 13. JJ Tr. macutatus, clxviii, 1615 1616; Tr. costatus, clxix, 1634; Tr. riridis, clxx, 1644; Tr. radiatus, Ib., 1640 42. GASTEROPODA FECTINIBRANCHIATA. $5 Soi. l.nm. I, distinguished from s-.ll other Troehi by a very broad conical spire, at tin- base of which is an J wide umbilicus in which may be seen the internal e i tin- whorls, marked by a cre- C nl*. //>//. *hrlls resembling a Solarium, but wanting : lions u tli.' internal whorls of the nmbili ;-!. The gen** I;BO, Lht.$ i - with a completely and regularly turbi- nated shell, and a perfectly round aperture. Close observation has omuaed them to 1 greaily subdivided. In th-- TURBO, Lnm. Properly -vo called, Have the shell round or oval, and thick ; the aperture completed on next to the spire, by the penultimate whorl. The animal has two long tontacula, and the. c v yes placed on pedicles at their ex- ternal base ; the sides of the foot are provided with membranous wings, sometimes simple, at others fringed, and occasionally fur- n'lMK' 1 with one or two filaments. It is to some of these that belong *hosc petrous and thick opercula observed in cabinets, which were loyed in m "li/me uudT the name of Unrjuis odoratu*. Som L ' of them, MKLKAC>EII, Montf. are umbilicatcd, and others, Ti-iujD, Montf.,|| are not. DELPHINULA, Lam. 1 1 IT the shell thick, as in Turbo, but convoluted in nearly the same plan.-; tin- aperture completely formed by the last whorl, and the margin not tumid ; the animal similar to that of a Turbo. * 2V. perspective, L., < i. nil 96; TV. sfnt, :iint's, Ib. 1699; Tc. rarieyutus, Ib., 1708 1709; Tr. infundibuliformis, Ib., 1 70H 17<>7. h alus ptn tunyuhti'us, Smverb., Min. Conch., I, pi. xlv. f. 2; Ki: nodosvs, I I., \i I, t \r. .usiitutc^ the- family CRICOSTOMA of Blainville. 7V/' l.i-t., 640, 30 ; T. argt/rostomits, Chemn., \ ;7.">s 61; T. mmv/<.' Ib., I 7>2 ; T. rersicolor, List., 576, 29; T. mespilus, Clu-nni.. \, dzzvi, i 7 t ^ 43; T. granulahts, Ib., 44 16; T. /i/rfiw, Ib., 48, -T. tKattrina, Id., p. 143; T. cinrrfirs, !Vrn.. XII, 2.1. M ulus, Chemn.. \, i>. -2:' WiNt, Ib.. > 41. || TII 584, 39; T. cochlus, Ib., 40; T. chiyiostorHW:, st., <547, 41 ; T. W, Id., 587, 46; T. sarmatims, Chemn is. i 7si .- T. rormttvs, Ib., 1 779 80; T. ,-l\\\iii, 1771, 72 : 7*. w't I . C, 1788 89; T. iiii}>t>-i.. Isll 12; T. smarufMvt, Ib., 815 16 ; T. citlGris, Chemn., V. dxxxiv; T. heKdmrs, Bora., XII,93 24. 56 MOLLU8C.4. The most common species, Turbo delphi-nun, L. ; List., 608, 45, takes its name from the ramous and convoluted spines, which have caused it to be compared to a dried fish*. PLEUROTOMA, Defr. Fossil shells with a round aperture, on the external margin of which is a narrow incision which ascends considerably; it is proba- ble that it corresponded, like that of the Siliquariae, to some cleft in the branchial part of the mantle. M. Deshayes already makes upwards of twenty fossil species. The SCISSURELUE of M. d'Orbigny are living species of the same. TURRITELLA, Lam. The same round aperture as in Turbo properly so called, and completed, also, by the penultimate whorl; but the shell is thin, and is so far from being convoluted in one plane, that its spire is pro- longed into an obelisk (turreted). The eyes of the animal are placed on the external base of its tentacula ; the foot is smallf. They are found in great numbers among fossils ; the PROTO, Defr., should be approximated to them. SCALARIA, Lam. Have the spire, as in Turritella, elongated into a point, and the aperture, as in Delphinula, completely formed by the last whorl ; it is moreover surrounded by a ridge, which is formed, from space to space, as the shell of the animal increases in size, resembling so many steps. The tentacula and penis of the animal are long and slender. One species celebrated for the high price it commands (a), the Turbo sea/am, L. ; Chemn., IV, clii, 1426, &c. vulg. Scalata, is distinguished by the whorls only coming in contact at the points where the ribs unite them, the intervals being open. A second species, the Turbo clathrus, L.; List., 588, 50, 51, is not marked by this peculiarity ; it is more slender, and very common in the Mediterranean. Some terrestrial or fresh water subgenera, in which the aperture is entire, round, or nearly so, and operculatcd, may be placed here. Of this number is the * Add, Turbo nodulosus, Chemn., V, clxxiv, 1723 24; T. nn-inutus, Born., XIII, 3 4 ; Aryonaula, cornu, Fichtcl and Moll., Test. Micros., I, a, e, or LIP- PISTE, Montf. f Turbo ;,Hli,'ir,itf. Martini, IV, clii, 1422; T. replicafns, Ib., cli, 1412; List., 590, 55 ; T. ucutaiiyulus, List., 591, 59 ; T. duplicatus, Martini, IV, cli, 1414 : T. eroletvs, List., 591, 58; T. (erebru, Id., 590, 54; T. rariegatus, Martini, IV, clii, 1423 ; T. obsolctus, Born., XIII, 7. (J3= (a) Tbis is tbe Wentletrap of tbe collectors. We remember seeing one in Bullock's Museum, whicb was valued at 200 guineas, and also four specimens were sold at one sale, whicb brought from 16 to 20. ENO. ED. GASTEROPODA PJJCT1N1BRANCHIATA < '\TLO.STO\M. l.'im* The Cyclostom;r should he distinguished from all the others be- cause they an- terrestrial, as instead of branchiae, the animal has merely a vascular network spread over the parietcs of its pectoral cavity. In every other resect, however, it resembles the other iiniiuals of this family: the respiratory aperture is formed in the s;nur way above the head by a great solution of continuity; the - an- separated : tin- penis of the male is large, fleshy, and re- llected into the pectoral cavity ; the two tentacula are terminated by blunt tubercles, and two other tubercles, placed on their external base, support the eyes. 'I'll-- shell is a spiral oval, with complete whorls, transversely and finely striated, and its aperture, in the adult, is surrounded with a sin ill ridge. It is closed by a small round operculum. Found in woods, under moss, stones, &c. The most common is the Turbo eleyans, List., 27, 25, about six lines in length and of a greyish colour; found under all the mos- VALVATA. Mull. The Valvatae inhabit fresh water; their shell is convoluted in almost one plane like that of a Planorbis, but the aperture is round, and furnished with an operculum ; the animal, which has two slen- der tentacnla. with the eyes at their anterior base, respires by means of branchi;e. In a species found in France, r///r. cristata, Mull.; Drap., I. 32,33; Gruct-Huysen, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. X, pi. xxxviii, the branchiae, formed like a feather, project from under the mantle and float externally, vi- brating with the breathing of the animal. On the right side of the body is a filament which resembles a third tentaculum. The foot is divided, anteriorly, into two hooked lobes. The penis of the male is slender, and reflected into the branchial cavity. The shell, which is hardly three lines broad, is greyish, flat, and umhilicated. Found in stagnant watcrj. It is here that we must place the completely aquatic shells, or those respiring by branchi;e, which belonged to the old genus HELIX; i.e.. those in which the penultimate whorl forms, as in the Helices, Lymn;v;i\ See., a depress. -u which gives tin- aperture more or less of the figure of a crescent . The three fnxt gmera are still closely allied to Turbo. * Tin- r//. /,,/,,irf and thr llrliri,n-s form the order of the PULMONKA OPKRCI-- I.ATA f'f Iff, cl I-Yni-mio. f Add. Tarlm Unri.Hi. I.M., -26, '24 : T. lalxo, List., 25, 23; T. dubitis, Bora., Mil. :,, 6; T. /iifoi/iv. Clu-iun., l\. <-\xiii. 107:,. WV >hi)ulil (listiniruMi, amonir thr fo--i!s the Cyclostoina mumia of Lain., Biongn., Ann. iln Mil-.. \ \ . \\ii, 1. * Add. r,ilruta plawrhis, Drap.. I. .u. :i'. ; I'. ;/,,.(/(!, Id., 3638. Thr> ntn-titiitc tin- 1 i bIFttOrrOM \ Ulainville. 58 MOLLUSCA. NA, Lam. This genus has lately been separated from the CyclostomFP, because there is no ridge round the aperture of the shell ; because there is a small angle to that aperture as well as to the operculum. arid finally, because the animal, being provided with branchia-, inhabits the water, like all other genera of this family. It has a very short snout and two pointed tcntacula ; eyes at the external base of the latter, but on no particular pedicle, arid a small membranous wing on each side of the fore part of the body. The anterior edge of the foot is double, and the wing of the right side forms a little canal which introduces water into the respiratory cavity, the incipient indication of the siphon in the following family. The common species, Helix rivipara, L. ; Drap., I, 16, whose smooth and greenish shell is marked with two or three purple, longitudinal bands, and which abounds in stagnant waters, in France, produces living young ones : in the spring of the year they may be found in the oviduct of the female, in every stage of development. Spallanzani assures us that if the young ones be taken at the moment of birth and be reared separately, they will reproduce without fecundation, like those of the Aphis. The males, however, are nearly as common as the females ; they have a large penis which protrudes and retracts, as in Helix, but through a hole pierced in the right tentaculum, a circum- stance which renders that tentaculum apparently larger than the other, and which furnishes us with a mode of recognizing the male*. The Ocean produces some shells whicli only differ from the Palu- dinse in being thick. They form the LITTORIXA, Feruss., Of which the common species, Le Vigneau Turbo littareus, L., Chemn. V, clxxxv, 1852, abounds on the coast of France, where it is eaten. The shell is round, brown, and longitudinally streaked with blackish. The MONODON, Lam. Only differs from Littorina in having a blunt ami slightly salient tooth at the base of the colu.mella, which sometimes has a (so a fine notch. The external edge of the aperture is crenulated in several species. The animal is more highly ornamented, and is generally furnished with three or four filaments, on each side, as long as its tentacula, The eyes are planted on particular pedicles at the exter- nal base of the tcntacula; the operculum is round and horny. * Add, Cyclost. achatinum, Drnp. I, 18; ('. itn^untm, Id., 19, 20, or tentaculata, L., &c. ; and the small species of salt-water ponds described by Beu- dant, Ann. du Mus., XV, p. 199. GASTEROPODA PKCTIN'IBRANCIIIATA. 59 A small species, the '/Y. >c!in< //-wr///'//?, L. ; Adans., XII, 1 ; List., 642, 3:j, :>l. with a brown shell spotted with : y abundant on tin- o,ast of France*. I'M \-i \\' i ^ /. An oblong or ipointed slu-11, similar to that of several Hulimi and Lvi! .-rture also higher than it i> widr. and furnished with a -tr. njj operculum ; base of the columrlhi sensibly flattened, but no umhilu ibit the Indian Oivan. ami an- much Anight for by col- lecton <>n account of the beauty of their colours. The animal is provided with two long tentacula, with eyes placed on two tubercles at their external base, and with double lips that are emarginated and fringed, as well as the wings, each of which has three filaments f. AMPULLARIA, Lam. A round, ventricose shell, with a short spire, as in most of the He- lices ; the aperture higher than it is wide, and provided with an oper- eulum ; the columella umbilicated. inhabit the fresh or brackish waters of hot countries. The animal has long tentacula, and eyes placed on pedicles at their base. In the roof of the respiratory cavity, by the side of a branchial comb, according to the observations of Messrs. Quoy and Gaymard, is a large pouch, without an issue, that is filled with air, and which may usidered as a natatory bladder J. The LANISTVE, Montf., are AmpullaricO, with a large, spiral, con- voluted umbilicus. HELICINA, Lam.\\ Judging by the shell, the Helicinae are Ampullarice in which the mnrcrin of t lie aperture is reflected^. \Vhrn this reflected margin is trenchant, they are the Ampul/ina?, Blainv. ; and when it is in an obtuse ridge, the Otygirc?, Say. * Add, 7Vr/iiM labeo, Adnns., Seneg., XII, List., 68, 443; Troth. Pharaomus, List., 637, 25 ; Tr. rusticus, Chemn., V, clxx, 1645, 46; TV. niyerrimus, Ib. 47 ; 7V. fiyii^tius, Id., clxxi, 1663, 4; TV. riridjtlus, Ib. 1677; TV. carntus, Ib. 1682; TV !'<.rn., \'I, ID, 20; Tr. asper, Chemn., Ib., ol\\i, 1582; Tr. rift-inns, Knurr.. IX-1., I, x, 7; Tr.gran,' \..'\\. . ,4 55; TV. croeu' .11, 12; Turbo atrafux, ('!icuin., V, clxxvi. 1754 55; iii, 177, , ^c. f /; i/y/iis, Chemn., IX, cxx, 1035, 1036 ; Helix solida, Born., XIII, 18, 19. J llflix r/my)w' -t., 130 ; Bulimus vrrnu, Brag., List., 125, 26. Ainpinl.i r.iri.i.''.', Oliv., Vny. CM Tnni., pi. xxxi, f. 7, copied Blainv., Mnlac., xxxiv. || Montfort has changed the nauir //.//, i./.- 1 >: ['i'mimlta, but it has not been adopted, arid cnn only be quoted as a -ynonymp. t The Hcl itriaf,-, Blainv., Malac., xx\ 60 MOLLUSCA. There is one species which is remarkable for a border and stony traverse, on the internal face of its operculum *. The organs of respiration in these animals arc arranged as in the Cyclostoma 1 , and like the latter they can live out of water f. MELANIA, Lam. A thicker shell ; the aperture, higher than it is wide, enlarges oppo- site to the spire ; the columella without plicae or umbilicus ; length of the spire veiy various. The Mclanisp inhabit rivers, but are not found in France, the ani- mal has long tcntacula, the eyes being on their external side, and at about the third of their length J. The RISSOA, Freminv. ACMEA, Hartm. Differs from Mclania, because the two edges of the aperture unite above. The MELANOPSIS, Firuss., Where the form is nearly that of a Melania, differs from it in a callus on the columella, and in a vestige of an emargination near the bottom of the aperture, which seems to indicate a relation with the Terebrsc of Brugieres||. In the PIRENA, Lam., We not only find this little sinus below, but likewise a second on the opposite side^f. These two subgenera, as well as the Melanise, inhabit the rivers of southern Europe and of all hot countries. There are two genera, detached from the Volutse, which, but that * The Ilel. ncrilella, List., LXI, 59, copied Blainv., Malac., xxxix, 2. f It is from this circumstance that M. de Ferussac has been induced to class thi* submenus \\ith that of the Cyclostoince in an order which he names the Pvl- manea Oju-rmhtlu. Sec the Monograph of this genus by M. Gray, Zool. Journ., \os. ] and 2. J Melanif //iia/v (Melanin amantla, Lam.), Chemn., Tab., 134, f. 1218 and 1219 ; from the Isle of France and Madagascar. Add, Mel. tnmcata, Lam., Encyclop., pi. 458, f. 3, a b ; Mel. coarcltt/a, Id., Kitcyclop., pi. 458, f. 5, a b., and a great many fos.sil species, among which are, ^ffl. semi-phicata, Defr. ; Mel. Cucieri, Desh., Coq. Foss., des environs de Paris, tome II, pi. xii, f . 1 , 2 ; Mel. constellafa, Lam. M. de Freminville describes seven species in the Nouv. Bullet, des Sc. Nat. de la Soc. Phil., 1814, p. 7, and M. Audouin, three, in the Descr. de 1'Eg. ; /iiss. Fi-uniiii-illii, Coq., pi. Hi, f. 20; Riss. Desmarustii, Ib., 21 ; Rifs. Orbignii, lb., f. '22. || Mchin. Inn-ciiid't'ilcd, Frruss., Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris, tome 1, pi. vu, f. 1 11, &c. .See Sowerby, No. XXII. ^j Pir. tcnhntlis, Lam.; List. Tab. 115, f. 10; 7V. Htaihtyascarieitsix, Encycl., pi. 458, f. 2, , b, &c. GASTEROPODA PECTI.VIBRANCHIATA. Gl they arc circulated and have lut two tcntacula, would resemble tli Auriculae, that we think may come here, vi/. ACTION, Montf.* TORN LTBLLA, Lam. Whore the shell is elliptical, the spire hut slightly silient, the aper- ture lengthened into a crescent and widened below, and the base of the columella marked bygone or two large plicie or oblique callosi- : and the PVK AMIDELLA, Lam. \\'here the spin- is turn-tod, the aperture crescent-like and wide, and the base of the columella obliqcly contorted and marked with sharp spiral plicae}. JANTHINA, Lam. The form of the animal separates the Janthinac from all the preced- ing genera. Their shell, however, is similar to that of the terres- trial Limaces, the columellar margin being also indented, but slightly angular at the external edge, and the columella somewhat extended beyond the luilf-oval, which, without this prolongation, would he formed by that edge. The animal has no operculum, but the under surface of its foot is furnished with a vesicular organ resembling a bubble of foam, but composed of a solid substance, which prevents it from crawling, but allows it to float on the surface of the water. The head, a cylindri- eal proboscis, terminated by a vertically cleft mouth, and armed with little hooks, has a bifurcated tentaculum on each side. The common species, Helix Janthina, L,: List., 572, 24, has a pretty violet shell, and is very abundant in the Mediterranean. \Vhon the animal is touched, it diffuses a thick fluid of a deep violet colour that dyes the surrounding water. NERITA, Lin. \\ The culumella of the Xeritje being in a straight line, renders the aperture semicircular or semi-elliptical. This aperture is generally larue in comparison with the shell, but is always furnished with an iiluin which completely closes it. The spire is almost effaced, and the shell semi-globular. * Which ni'i-t ,- Mrefalij :i-tiui:iiMied from the Actions of Oken that appear to lu- :illiol to tin- li f Ynli'ln tonmtilis, and Itfiuciala, L.Martini. II, xliii. 442. 44:5 ; V. M/.'co/fl, :m.| V. WiWii/.i, Ib., 440, 441 ; V. Jiammeu, ib., 439; '. flara, Ib. 444 ; T. pusiiltt, Ib. 446. * Trorhns il<>ll;itus t L. Chemn., V, clxvii, It 63, 1064; B*li nvs ttrdelhm, Hn'iir.. I/.-t., S4t, 73. This genii.- form-, tin- family of the OXY6TOM*, Blainv. !| M.de Blniuville forms his family of the HEMKYOLOSTOM,* , from this geaus. 62 3IOLLUSCA. NATICA, Lam. Neritop with an umbilicated shell; the animal of the species known has a large foot, simple tcntacula with the eyes at their base, and a horny operculum*. NERITA, Lam. PELORONTA, Oken. The umbilicus wanting; shell thick, columella dentated, and oper- culum stony ; the eyes of the animal on pedicles by the side of the tentacula, and a moderate foot f . The VELATA, Montf. Where the side of the columella is covered with a calcareous, thick, and convex layer J, is distinguished from it, but perhaps without any good reason ; also the NERITINA, Lam. Where the shell has no umbilicus and is thin, with a horny oper- culum ; the animal is like a true Nerita, and most generally the columella is not dentated. It inhabits fresh water. A small species, very prettily coloured, abounds in the rivers of France ; it is the Nerita fluviatilis, L. ; Chemn., IX, cxxiv, 188 . The columella in others, however, is finely crenulated ||, and of this number there are some in which the spire is armed with long spines CLITHON, Mont.^ FAMILY II. CAPULOIDA**. Recent researches have convinced us that it is to the Trochoida that we must approximate this family, which contains five genera, four of which are taken from the Patellae. They all have a widely opened, scarcely turbinated, shell, with neither operculum, emargination, nor siphon; the animal resembles the other Pectinibranchiata, and has the sexes separate. There is but one branchial comb transversely ar- * For the species sec the first div. of Gm. and Chemn., V, pi. clxxrvi clxxxix. t For the species see the third div. of Gm. and Chemn., V, pi. cxc cxciii, and Sowerby, Gen. of Sh., No. XV. J Nerita potcrsa, Gm., a large fossil species ; Chemn., IX, cxiv, 975, 976. Add, Nerita turrita, Chemn., IX, cxxiv, 1085. || Nerita pulUgera, Chemn., loc. cit., 1878 1879; N. virginea, List., 604, 606. ^ Nerita corona, Chemn., 1083, 1084. ** M. de Blainville places most of them among his hermaphroditical, non-symme- trical Paracephalophora ; but they all appear to me to be edacious. GASTEROPODA PECTJNIBRANCHIATA. 63 raoged on the roof of the cavity, and its filaments arc frequently very long. CAPIT.I s, Monlf. PILKOPSIS, Lam. A conical shell with a recurved and spiral summit; which has long ed it to hi- plan (1 aiming the Pat. II;,- : the l>rauchiae arc in one ae which contains the viscera is on this plate, the foot ath, and the head and branchiae forwards. The latter consist of a range of long fil;. ; : ached under the anterior margin of the. branchial e.ivity. The eyes are at the external base of two conical ula J. The genus PII.KOLUS, Sower by, ars to consist of Crepiduloe, in which the transverse plate occu- lialf the aperture; their shell, however, is more like that of a Patella . They are only found fossil. SEPT\KI\, Fcr. NAVICELLA, Lam. CIMBER, Montf.,8'2. The shell resembles a Crepidula, except that the summit is symme- trical and laid on the posterior margin, and that the horizontal plate is less salient. The animal is also provided with an additional, irre- gularly shaped, testaceous plate, horizontally connected with the superior surface of the muscular disk of its foot, and covered by the .initial sac, which it partially supports. It is probably analogous to an OJMK ulum, but does not exercise its functions, being, in a measure, situated internally. The animal has long tentacula, at Pattlla hungarica. List., 544 32 ; Pat. calyplra, Chemn., X, clxix, 1643 44 ; Pat. ntifntlu, Gin., List., cxliv, 31. f r.itclla cornucopia-, Lain., Knorr., Petrif., II, part ii, pi. 131, f. 3, andBlainv., J Pafrlla fornitatat List. 545, 33, 35 ; P. aculcata, Chemn., X, clxviii, 1624 25 ;/'. r?orrenm, M iUui, I. xi:i, i :;i, i .J2 ; P. solea, Naturf., XVIII, ii, 15; ms. Sencg., I, ii, MA, Blainv. I embling tl.:t of a Sigaretus, with the head ani|ihmi. VOL. III. F 66 MOLLUSCA. thinness of the animal is proportioned to the narrowness of the aperture through which it issues; its tentacula and proboscis ur<- highly protractile; the eyes are placed on the outer side of the former, and near the point; the operculum situated obliquely on the hind-part of the foot, is too narrow and short to close the whole of the aperture. The shells of this genus, being usually ornamented with the most beautiful colours, are very common in cabinets. The seas of Europe produce very few *. They are distinguished by the flatness or slight projection of the spire ; by the whorls being tuberculated or not ; by its being more salient and even pointed, and furnished, or not, with turbercles. There are some in which the spire is sufficiently salient to give them a cylindrical appearance, in which case it may be either smooth or tuberculated f . The appellation of crowned spire is applied to that which is studded with tubercles, , Lin. The spire projecting but little, and the aperture narrow and extending from one extremity to the other ; but the shell, which is protuberant in the middle, and almost equally narrowed at both ends, forms an oval, and the aperture in the adult animal is transversely wrinkled on each side. The mantle is sufficiently ample to fold over and envelope the shell, which at a certain age it covers with a layer of another colour, so that this difference, added to the form acquired by the aperture, may easily cause the adult to be taken for another species. The animal has moderate tentacula, with the eyes at their external base, and a thin foot without an operculum. The colours of these shells, also, are extremely beautiful ; they are extremely common in cabinets, though with' very few exceptions they all inhabit the seas of tropical countries J. In the OVULA, Brug. The shell is oval, and the aperture narrow and long, as in Cypra, but without plicae on the side next to the columella ; the spire is con- cealed, and the two ends of the aperture equally emarginated, or equally prolonged in a canal. Linnaeus confounded them with the Bullae, from which Brugieres has very properly separated them. The * For the species of this beautiful genus see the article and the plates of Brugi^res in the Encycl. Method., where they are .extremely well described and figured, and the enumeration still more complete than in the Ann. du Mus. XV, by M. de Lamarck. t Species with a crowned spire : Con. cedonulli, L., a shell much sought for, and of which there are many varieties, Encycl. Method., pi. 316, f. 1 ; Con, marmoreus, L., Enc., pi. 317, f. 5; Con. arenaius, Brug., Encycl., pi. 320, f. 6, &c. Species with a simple spire: Con. lUlmtlus, L., Encycl., pi. 326, f. 1 ; Con. tessellatus, Brug. Km-., pi. 326, f. 7 ; Con.rirgo, Brug. Enc. pi. 325, f. 5, &c. J For the species see the genus Cyprtra, Gmel., and the figures collected by Bru- gieres for the Encyclop., the Gen. of shellsby Sowerby, No. XVII, and particularly a Monograph by M. Gray, published in the Zool. Journal, Nos. 2, 3, and 4. GASTEROPODA PF.CTINIBRANCH IATA. 67 :uiiinal has a broad foot, an extended mantle which partly folds over the shrll, a moderate and obtuse 8nout, and two long tentacula, on which, at about the third of their length, are the eyes. Montfort particularly designate, hy the term OVUL^, those in which the external margin is transversely sulcated *. Those in \\-hich the two extremities of the aperture are prolonged into a canal, and in which the external margin is not sulcated, he calls NAVBTTES VoLV^f- When this external margin is not sulcated, nor the extremities of the aperture prolonged, he styles them CALPURN*:}. TEREBELLCM, Lam. An oblong shell, with a narrow aperture, without plicae or wi inkles, and increasing regularly in width to the end opposite the spire, which is more or less salient, according to the species . The animal is not known. The VOLUTA, Lin. Varies as to the form of the shell and that of the aperture, but is recognised by the emargination without a canal which terminates it, and hy the salient and oblique plicae of the columella. From this genus Brugieres first separated the OLIVA, Bniy. So named from the oblong and elliptical shape of the shell, the aperture of which is narrow, long and emarginated opposite to the spire, which is short; the plicae of the columella are numerous, and nible striae ; the whorls are sulciform. These shells are quite as beautiful as the Cypraeae||. The animal has a large foot, the anterior part of which (before the head) is separated by an incision on each side ; its tentacula are slender, and the eyes are on their side about the middle of their length. The proboscis, siphon and penis are tolerably long; but it has no oprrculum. MM. Quoy and Gaymard have observed an appendage on its posterior portion, which enters the sulcus of the whorls. The remainder of the genus Voluta was afterwards divided into five, by M. de Lamarck ^[. The VOLVARIA, Lam., Closely resembles the Oliva in its oblong or cylindrical form ; but Bullawum, L., List., 711, 65, Encyclop., 358, 1. t Hulta ro/ra, L., List., 711, 63, Encycl., 357, 3 ; B. Wrorfru, Encycl. 357, 1 ; Sowerb., Ib. J nulla rfi-rucosa, L., LUt., 712, 67, Encyc., 357, 5. from which we do not sepa- rate the ULTIMA, Montf. : or Bulla gibbosa, L., List., 711, 64, Encyc. 357, 4. Terebtllum subulatum, Lam., HulUt trrebtlluM, L. List., 736, f. 30, Encyc., 360, -cb. conro/u/um, Lam., Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. \ I. || OJir. sitbulata, Lam., Encyc., pi. 3fi8, f. 6, a, b\ Vol. hiatula, L. ; Vvl por- phyria, Vol. o/iru, and, in general, all the cylindrical VoluUe of Gmel., p. 3438, Ct scq. 1T Exclusive of the Tornatcll* and Pyramidclla already mentioned. F 2 68 MOLLUSCA. the aperture is narrow, and its anterior edge ascends to the top of the spire, which is excessively short. There is one plicaa?, or several, at the foot of the columella. The lustre and whiteness of this shell are such, that on some coasts it is used for making necklaces *. A small fossil species is found in the vicinity of Paris f. In the true Volutse or the VOLUTA, Lam. The aperture is ample, and the columella marked with large plica?, the one furthest from the spire being the largest. The degree of projection in the spire varies greatly. In some of them, CYMBIUM, Montf. ; CYMBA, Sowerb., the last whorl is ventricose ; the animal has a large, thick and fleshy foot, and a veil on the head, from the sides of which issue the tentacula. The eyes are on this same veil outside of the tentacula. The proboscis is tolerably long, and there is an appendage on each side of the base of the siphon. They attain a large size, and many of them are extremely beautiful J. In others, VOLUTA, Montf., the last whorl is conical, becoming narrower at the extremity opposite to the spire. The foot of the animal is not so large as that of the preceding ones ; their shells are frequently remarkable for the beauty of their colours or their ar- rangement. MARGIN ELLA, Lam. Form of the shell, similar to that of a true Voluta ; but the external margin of the aperture is tumid ; the emargination is but slightly marked. The foot of the animal, according to Adanson, is very large, and has no operculum. By turning up the lobes of its mantle it partly covers the shell. The eyes are on the external side of the base of its tentacula ||. M. de Lamarck also distinguishes the COLOMBELLA, in which the plica? are numerous, and the varix of the external margin is inflated in the middle^}. It appears that the operculum is wanting. * Vole, moniiis, L. ; Volv. trilicea, Lam., &c. f* Foh'aria bullo'idcs, Lam., Encyc. Method., pi. 384, f. 4. I Volv. athiopica, List., 797, 4 ; V. cymbiuin, 796, 3, 800, 7 ; V. olla, 794, 1 ; V. Neptuni, 802, 8; V. navicula, 795,2; V. papiliaris, Seb., Ill, Ixiv, 9; V. indica, Martini, III, Ixxii, 772, 773 ; genus MELO, Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. XXVIII ; cymbiola, Chemn., X, cxlviii ; 1385, 1386 ; V. prtvputium, List., 798, 1 ; V. spectibilis, Davila, I, viii, S. Voluta musica, List., 805, 14, 806, 15; V. scaplia, 799, 6; V. vesperfilin, 807, 16, 808, 17; V. hcebrea, 809, 18; V. vexilliwi, Martini, III, cxx, 1098; V.fiavicans, lb., xcv, 922, 923 ; V. undulata, Lam., Ann. du Mus., &e. For the other species consult the Memoir of M. Broderip, Zool. Journ., April 1825. |[ Voluta (/lobelia, Adans., IV, genus, X, 1 ; Valuta faba, Ib., 2 : Vol. pninum, Ib., 3 ; Vol. persicula, Ib., 4, and all pi. xlii, vol. II, of Martini ; Vol. marginuta, Born., IX, 5, 6. ^f Voluta mercatona, List., 824, 43; Vol. rustica. List., 824, 44 ; Vol. nienili- caria, and nearly all plate xliv of Martini, vol. II ; Col. strombifonnis .; Vol. labi- otn ; Vol. punctata, c., Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. IX. 1 GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 69 MlTRA, J. '] ml in 1 " oblong, with a l<'\v large plica- on tlic columella, the ;he large j'ire usually pointed and elongated. St-vcia! species ;IP> hrilli;iiitly ^potted witli red on a whin- ground*. The foot of the animal is small: th<> tcntacula arc of a moderate length, with the eyes on the side, near their inferior third ; tin* siphon also is of a moderate length, but it frequently pro- trudes a proboscis longer than its shell. CANCELLARIA, Lam. Tln last whorl ventricose; aperture ample and round, the internal margin forming a plate on the columella. The spire is salient and 1 <>ini. -d, and the surface of the shell marked with decussating sulcif- The BUCCINUM, Lin. I Comprises all the shells furni^u e in which the columella is convex and naked, and the margin without plicae or varix. Their foot is moderate, their proboscis long and thick, and their penis, frequently, excessively large.. In the Such arc Vol. episcopate, List., 839, 66 ; Vol. papalis, Ib. 67 ; and 840, 68 ; Vol. cardinalis, 838, 05. Add, Vol. patriarchal* ; Vul. p?rluaa t 822, 40 ; Vol. M:rtini, IV, cxlviii, 1366; Vol. plicaiia, List., 820, 37; Vol. sangui- . 82 1, 8; r/. <-//;,/, Martini, IV, cxlviii, 1369, 1370; Vol. acus, Id., 1493, 1494 ; Vol. scubricula. Id., cxlix, 1388, 1389 ; Vol. maculosa, Ib., losa, Ib., 1385; Vul. tpadirea, Id., cl, 1392; V. aurantia, Ib., 1394 ; /-. jrcussata, 1395; V. tunicula, 1376. f roluta eancellata, L., Adans., VIII, 16; Vol. reticulata, 830, 25, &c. Sow- Its, No. V. J M. de 1 .nkcs a family of his Puracrphalophora Dioica Siphonobranchiata nf thi^ creat genus, -which he calls the ENOTOMOSTOMA. Burn/mm wntn!(i; >2, 14 ; Bucc. glaciale, L. ; B. anglicum, i7; /?. / t,:i, IV. cxxvi, 1213, 1214 ; B. latisrimwn. Id., rxxNii. \'2\:>. : JH . ib., 1217 ; B. carinatvm, Thips. Voy., XII, 2; Naturf.,.\\ B. strigosum, Gm.,'No. 108, Bonan., Ill, 38 ; Martini, IV, cx.v -2 ; B.'slrigosum, Ib. 1183, 1183; B. obtvtum, Ib., 11 93 ; B. coro '1.1115,1116. 70 MOLLUSCA. NASSA, Lam. The side of the columclla is covered by a more or less broad and thick plate, and the emargination is deep, but without a canal. The animal resembles that of a true Buccinum, and there arc gradual transitions among the shells, from one subgenus to the other*. M. IVlaiuaick calls EBURNA, Lam., Those, which to a smooth shell without a plicated margin, add a widely and deeply umbricated columella. The general form of their Oicll is closely allied to that of the Olivee. Their animal is unknown f> ANCILLARIA, Lam. The same smooth shell, and at the lower part of the columella a marked lip; there is no umbilicus, neither is the spire sulcated. The animal of several species resembles that of the Olivse, the foot being still more developed J. The same naturalist calls DOLIUM, Lam. Those in which projecting ribs, that follow the direction of the whorls, render the margin undulated ; the inferior whorl is ample and ventricose. Montfort subdivides them into DOLIUM, properly so called, where the lower part of the columella is twisted, and into PERDIX, where it is trenchant.|| Their animal has a very large foot, widened before ; a proboscis longer than its shell, and slender tcntacula, on the external side of which, and near the base, are the eyes ; the head has no veil, nor has the foot an operculum. HARPA, Lam. The Harpse are easily recognized by the projecting, transverse ribs on the whorls ; the last of which forms a lip on the margin. The shell is beautiful, and the animal has a very large foot, pointed behind, * Bucrinum arcularia, List., 970, 24,25; B. pullus, List., 971, 26; B. gib- bosulum, List., 972, 27, and 973, 28 ; B. tcssellatuw, List., 975, 30 ; B. fossil e, Martini, III, xciv, 912, 914 ; B. mnryinatinn, Id. cxx, 1101, 1102 ; B. reliculn- fum, List., 966. 21: B. vulgutiirn, Martini, IV, cxxiv, 162, 166; B. stolatnm, Ib., 1167, 1169 ; B. glans, List., 981, 40; B. papilloswn, List., 969, 23 ; B. nifiilulum, Martini, IV, cxxv, 1194, 1195. f Buccinum ylabratv.m, List., 974, 29; B. spiratum, List., 981, 41 ; B. zey- lanicitm, Martini, IV, cxxii, 1119. t Ancilluria cinnmnomfa, Lam., Mart., II, pi. 65, f. 731 ; J'olvta ampla, Gm., Mart., Ib. f. 722, and the species described by M. dc Lamarek and figured in the Encyc. Method., 393. See also the Monograph, No. 36, p. 72, of the Ancillariae by M. W. Swainson, Journ. of the Sc. and Arts, No. 36, p. 272. Btic. oJeurittm, List., 985, 44, and Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. 29 ; B. galea, List., 898, 18 ; B. tJolium, List., 899, 19 ; B.fasciatvin, Brug., Mart., Ill, cxviii, 1011 ; B. pomum, Id., II, xxxvi, 370, 371. || Bucc. pcrdi*, List., 984, 43. GASTEROPODA PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 71 and widened in its anterior portion, which is distinguished by two deep emarginations. The eyes are on the sides of the tentacula, and near thrirbase. It has neither veil nor operculum*. The PURPURA, own by its flattened eolmnella, which is trenchant near the end opposite to the spire, and which, with the external margin, forms a e.inal tin iv. Mink in the shell, but not salient. The Purpurae were scattered annum' the Buccina and the Murices of Linna'iis. The ani- mal resemhles tint of a true Buceinnmf. The genus LICORNE, Montf., MONOCKROS, Lam., consists of shells similar to the I'urpnra-, but in which the external edge of the emar- gination is furnished with a salient spine];. Others, also resembling the Purpura>, in which the columella or at least the margin is provided, in the adult, with teeth which narrow the aperture, form the SISTRA, Montf., or the RUINULA, Lim. CONCHOLEPAS, Lam. The general characters of the Purpurae, but the aperture is so rinoilB, and tip- *pire so small, that the shell has almost the appear- ance of a Capulus, or one of the valves of the Area; a small salient tooth is visible on each side of the emargination. The animal re- sembles that of a true Buccinnm, with the exception of its foot, which beooriDOiff in width and thickness, and that it is attached to the shell by a muscle sbaped like a horse-shoe, as in the Capuli; it has a thin. narrow, and horny operculum. But a single species is known, the Buccinum concholepas, Brug. ; Argenv., pi. ii, f. F, D; and Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. VI. From the coast of Peru. OASIS, Brug. The shell oval ; aperture oblong or narrow ; the columella covered with a plate as in Nassa, and that plate transversely plicated, as well as the external margin ; the emargination terminating in a short il, that is reflected and pushed back, as it were, to the left: varices are frequently observed on it. The animal resembles that of A true IJneciimm. but its horny opercnlnm is denticulated, in order ;>s between the plicae of the external margin. * Buccinum harpa, L., and the other species long confounded with it List., 992, 994; Mart., Ill, r\ix: Bucc. cmfiiti'm, Il>. Messrs. Reynaud, Quoy and Cayman I i,.i\.- observed, that, under certain circumstances, the posterior part of the foot is spontaneously detached. cinum p*r.M . 987, 46, 47 ; B. paluhtm, Id., 989, 49 ; B. f"r- mastonta, Id., UB8, 48 ; II. w, 1.1., i)(55, 18, 19 ; .U/r.r fuctu, I ".0,50; Mur. ill. ci, y/4, 975; J/nr. mancuiclla., List., 956, 8, 957, 9 10 ; M , List., 955, 996, 990, 991. niimo:, \2.- ' mlcus, Gm., No. 43. /- MOLLl'!- In sonic, the lip of the margin is denticulated externally near the e ni a rgi nation*. In others it is entiref. Thr Moiuo, Montf. CASSIDARIA, Lam. Was separated from Cassis by Montfort. The canal curves less suddenly, and the whole shell leads directly to certain Murices. The animal resembles that of a Buccinum, but its foot is more developed J. TERABRA, Brug., The aperture, emargi nation and columellaof a true Buccinum; but the general form is turriculated, that is to say, the spire is lengthened into a point . In the CERITHIUM, Brug., Very properly separated from the Murex of Linnoms, we observe a shell with a turriculated spire ; the aperture is oval, and the canal short, but well marked, and reflected to the left or backwards. The animal has a veil on its head, and is furnished with two separated tentacula, on the side of which are the eyes, and with a round, horny operculum. Many are found fossil ||. M. Brongniart separates from the Ceri- thia the POTAMIDA, Brongn. Which, with the same form of shell, has a very short and scarcely emarginated canal, no sulcus on the upper part of the right margin, and the external lip dilated. The Potamidrc inhabit rivers, or, at least, their mouths, and fossil specimens are found in strata, which contain other fresh-water or land species only^J. The genus * Buccinum vibex, Martini, II, xxxv, 364, 365; B. glaucum, Listv, 996, 60; B. erinaceous, List., 1015, 73. f The Buccinum of the second division of Gmelin, except the B. echinophorum, stngosum, No. 26, and tyrrhenum, which are Cassidariee. It must also be recollected, that, among the true Cassides, Gmelin appears to have several repetitions. * Buccinum caudutum, L., List., 940, 3fi ; B. cch'*iipliorvm, List., 1003, 68; B. strigosum, Gm., No. 26, List., 1011, 71, f. ; Bucc. fyrrhenum, Bonam., Ill, 160. The -whole of the last subdivision of the Buccina, Gmelin, such as, Buccinum maculalum, L., 846, 74; Bucc. crenulatum, L. List., 846, 75; Bucc. dimidiatuni, L., List., 843, 71; Bucc. subulatum, L., List., 842, 70, &c. M. de Blainville separates from them the genus SUBULA, which he founds on a difference in the animal, and moreover on the presence of an operculum. || Murex vertagus, List., 1020, 83; M. aluco, List., 1025, 87; M. annularis, Martini, IV, clvii, 1486; M. singulatus, Ib., 1492; M. Terebella, Id., civ, 1458, 9; M. fuscatus, Gualt., 56, H; M. granulatus, Martini, IV, clvii, 1483; M. moluccanus, Ib., 1484, S. &c., with the numerous fossil species described by M. de Lamarck, Ann. du Mus. M. Deshayes has separated from the Cerithia, under the name of NRVINEA, some small species, where the margin is prolonged into the aper- ture, and divides it into three distinct orifices. It is also near the Cerithia that we must place several fossil shells, which form the genus NERINEA of M. Defrance, and which is distinguished by strongly marked plicae on each whorl and on the columella, the centre of which, besides, is hollow throughout. Nine species are already ascertained. If See Brongn., Ann. du Mus., XV, 367. In this subgenus should be placed the Ccrithium atrum, Brug., List., pi. 115, f. 10; Cer. paluslre, f. Ib., 836, f. 62; C. muricalum, Ib., 121, f. 17, &c., and among the fossils, the Potamida Lamarkii, Brongn., loc. cit. pi. xxii, f. 3. OASThRuPODA 1'KCTlNlBlUXCHIATA. 73 MruiA, /,/;/.* Comprises all these shells in which there is a salient and straight mini |-. The animal of cac-h suhgcnus is furnished with a proboscis, long approximated tentaculaon (be external side of which are the i with a horny oj.'erculum ; the veil on the head is wanting ; .UK!, the length of the siphon excepted, it otherwise resembles that of the Buccina. Brugicrc divides them into genera, which have been since subdivided by Messrs. Lamarck and Montfort. The MUREX, Drug. Includes all those which have a and salient straight canal, with varices acrott the whorlsj. Lamarck appropriates this name to those in which the varices are not contiguous on two opposite lines. If their canal be long and slender, and the varices armed with . they l-ei'onn- the Murex, properly so called, of Montfort. When, with this long canal, the varices are mere knobs, they form the Bronti*, Montf. || Some of them, which, with a moderate canal, have projecting tubes that penetrate into the shell between spiny varices, constitute the Typ/as, Montf. [ \\heii, instead of spines, the varices are furnished with plicated slashed, or divided into branches, they are the Chicoracea, Montf.** Their canal is long and moderate, and their foliaceous production! vary infinitely in figure and complication. \Vhen, with a moderate or short canal, the varices are mere knots, find the base is provided with an umbilicus, they form the Aquilla, Montf. Several species inhabit the coast of France If. If tho umbilicus be wanting, they are his Lolorium\\. Finally, when the ranal is short, the spire elevated, and the varices le, they are his Tritonium. Their mouth is usually plicated * This great genus forms the family SIPIIOXOSTOMA, Blainv. v Inch Linnaeus also adiUnl svcnil Purpurtcm which the canal is not salient, and all the Cerilhiu in \vhich it is recurved. < are knobs with which the animal borders its mouth, at each interruption in the growth of ito shell. Mures Iribulus, List., 902, 22; Mur. brandaris, List., 900, 20; M ">1 , 21 ; Aftr. sencgalcnsis, Gm., and the costatus of No. 86, Adans, Se- ll Afurw haustellum, List., 903, 23 ; Mur. caudatus, Martini, Conch., Ill, f. 1046, . Mur. pi/rum. y, Drug., Juurn. d'Hi-t. Nat.. I. xi. .? ; Montfort, 614. * Mi"-' 946, 41, and all its varieties-. Martini. Ill, cv, ex, cxi ; i ; Mur. siur-.tili*, Martini, c\ii. r\iii. ;:nd several others xcd. ft . 6.1, H4; Mur. tninei'luf, Martini, III, cir, . 20; Mur. mi/iorw, Id., i*i, Vign., 36, 1 5; Mur. pomum, Adans., IX, 22; Mur. tlecussatus, ib.. t: J/IT. l;tin-i ui, IV, cxxx, 1246 9; Mur. femoral f, Id., cxi, 1039; . trimeter, Corn., XI, 1, 2. MOLLUSCA. transversely on both margins. Very large ones inhabit the seas of Europe*. The variccs are sometimes numerous, compressed, and almost membranous, constituting the Trophona, Montf. f At other times, they are compressed, very salient, and but few in number}. M. de Lamarck separates from all the Murices of Brugiere, the RANELLA, Lam., Characterized by opposing varices, so that the shell is bordered with them on both sides. Their canal is short, and their surface studded with mere tubercles ; margins of the aperture plicated. The Apolles, Montf., are merely umbilicated Ranellae ||. The Fusus, Brug. Comprises all shells with a salient and straight canal, which are destitute of varices. When the spire projects, the columella is without plicae, and the margin is entire, they are the Fusus properly so called, Lam., which Montfort again subdivides ; when they have no umbilicus, they are his Fusus^. The shortest and most ventricose gradually approach the form of the Buccina**. When provided with an umbilicus they are his Latldra\\. The Struthiolarix are distinguished from the true Fusi by a bor- der which surrounds their aperture, and which covers the columella. The margin of the adult is inflated, which connects them with Murexjf. When the spire is salient, the columella without plicee, and there is a small indentation or well marked emargination of the margin near the spine, they are the Pleurotoma, Lam. * Mur. tritonis, L., List., 959, 12; Mur. maculosus, Martini, IV, cxxxii, 1257, 1258; Mur. australis, Lam., Martini, IV, cxxxvi, 1284; Mur. pileare, Martini, IV, cxxx, 1243, 48, 49; Mur.argus, Martini, IV, cxxxi, 1255, 1256; Mur. rubi- cula, Id., cxxxii, 1259, 1267. f Mur. magellanicus, Martini, IV, cxxxix, 1 297. J Mur. tripterus, Born., X, 18, 19; Mur. obeliscus, Martini, III, cxi, 1033, 1037. N.B. They are the Mur. bufo, Montf. 574; Mur. rana, List., 995, 28; Mur. reticularis, List., 935, 30 ; Mur. uffinis, and the species or varieties of Martini, 1229, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 1269, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76. ** Murex gyrinus, List., 939, 34. f"r Mur. cochlidium, Seb. Ill, Hi, 6; Mur. mono, List., 928, 22; Mur. c ano.lt - cutatus, Martini, III, Ixvii, 742, 743; Mur. candidus, Martini, IV, cxliv, 1339; Mur. ansatus, Id. Ib., 134o; Mur. lavigatus, Martini, cxli, 1319, 1320; Mur. longissimus, Ib., 1344; Mur. undatus, Ib., 1433; Mur. colus, L., List., 917, 10; Mur. striatulus, Ib., 1351, 1352; Mur. pusio, List., 914, 7; Mur. verru- cosus, Ib., 1349, 1350, &c., and the numerous fossil species described by M. de La- marck. Mur. islandicus, Martini, IV, cxli, 1312, 1313, &c.; Mur. antiquus,!^., cxxxviii, 1294, and List., 962, 15; Mur. ilr-aprrtus, Martini, 1295. Mur, resperfilio, Id., cxlii, 1323, 24. HI) Mur. stramineus, Gin., Encyc. Method., 431, 1, a, b ; Strttthiofaria crcnulata, Lain. fc Mur. bdbilonius, L., List., 917, 11; Mur. j properly dUtinpu When the >|iire is hut slightly marked, flattened or rounded, and the eolumella is without plic;i>, they are tin- Pi/rula* Lam. Some arc umhilieated*, and others notf. From these Pynihv, Mi.ntt'ort a^ain separates the species with a flattened spin-, internally Mriated near tin- lip, hy tlie name of Ful- ' . Tlu-y are a sort of Tyruhv with a plicate(l colmnclla, the plic;i> being sometimes almost insensible. Among these divisions of tl t' Bru; they only differ from the latter in the elongation of their aperture into a sort of canal ||; the line that separate:, them is not easily traced. The genus STROMBUS, Lin. In- hides those shells with a canal th.it is either straight or inflected towards the right, of which the external margin of the aperture di- lates with age, but still preserves a sinus near the canal, under which the h ad of the animal, when it extends itself. In most >f them the sinus is at some distance from the canal. They are subdivided by M. de Lamarck into two subgcnera. The STROMBUS, Lam. In which the margin expands into a wing of more or less extent, the immense number of fossil if ribed by Lamarck and other conchy- Martini, III, Ixviii, 750, 753; Buccimti* bezoar, Gm., Martini, III, K\iii, 754, 755. List., 750, 4fi; Murcxficiu, Ib., 741. 7, 27; Mt'r. C//-IW/IH.S-, List., 908, 28; Afwr. c10, 911 ; Mur trapezium, List., 93, 2R ; Mur polygo- ns, List., 922, 15; Mur. iafumHhvluin, List., 921, 14; .1/ur. striatnhis, Martini, Mur. rcrsiriilur, Ib., 1348; Mur. /*r,/.i/i.s Id. c.xlix. 1384; Mur. coslalus, KmOTT., IVuii., C, n. 7; Mur. lancea, Martini, IV, cxlv, || Mur. scolymus, Martini, IV, cxlii, 1325^ / 'vlutu pyrum, Martini, III, xcv, 916, f'oluta crrumici -I'oivtu rhinoceros, Cheinn. X, 150, f. 1407, Wa turbindlus, ' 20 ; //. cairitellum, Lbt., 810, U>; / ol. *. C'hcinn., XI. |>8, !.. 1 7 1 ;: /<..'. /;/,',.. Cm. 7'J MOLLUSCA. but not digitated. The foot is proportionally small, and the eyes are supported by lateral pedicles of the tentacula, thicker than the ten- tacula themselves The operculum is horny, long and narrow, and placed on a thin tail*. In the PTEROCERA, Lam. The margin, in the adult, is divided into long and slender cligita- tions, varying in number, according to the species. The animal is the same as that of the true Strombus f. In other Strombi, the sinus of the external margin is contiguous to the canal, forming the Rostellaria, Lam. There is usually a second canal ascending the spire, formed by the external margin and by a continuation of the columella. In some of them, the margin is still digitated. Their animal re- sembles that of a Murex, but has only a very small operculum]:. In others, we merely observe a dentated margin. Their canal is long and straight . In some again, that margin is entire ; they are the Hippocrenes. Montf. II ORDER VII. TUBULIBRANCHIATA. The Tubulibranchiata should be detached from the Pectini- branchiata, with which they are very closely allied, because the shell, which resembles a more or less irregularly shaped tube, only spiral at the commencement, attaches itself to various bodies; they conse- quently are deprived of copulating organs, and fecundate themselves. In the VERMETUS, Adans., We remark a tubular shell whose whorls, at an early age, still form a kind of spire, but then continue on in a tube more or less irregu- larly contorted, or bent like the tubes of a Serpula. This shell usually attaches itself by interlacing- with others of the same species, or is partly enveloped by Lithophytes : the animal, having no power of * Nearly all the Strombi comprised in the second and third division of Gmelin, observing, that owing to the various degrees of development acquired by the exter- nal margin, there are several repetitions. f Strombus lambis, Rondel., 79; Martini, III, Ixxxvi, 855; Sir. chiragra, List., 870; Sir. millepeda, List., 868, 869; Str. scorpius, List., 867. J Strornbiis pes pelecani, L., List., 865, 866. Strombus fusus, L., List., 854, 11, 12, 916, 9. || Strombus amplus, Brandcr., Foss., Hant., VI, 76, or Rostellaria macroptera, Lam.; Str.fissurclla, Lam., Encycl. Method., p. 411, 3, a, 6, which is not that of Martini, IV, clviii, H98, 1499, &c. GASTEROPODA PBCTINIBRANCHIATA. 77 locomotion, is deprived of afoot, properly so called; but the part which in ordinary Gasteropoda forms the tail, is here turned under it, and extends to beyond the head, where its extremity becomes inllatrd and furnished with a thin operculum; when the animal withdraws into its shell, it is this mass which closes the entrance; it is som. -times seen with various appendages, and in certain species, the opcrculum is spiny. The head of the animal is obtuse, and has two m.ideiate tent-.icul.i, on the external sides of which, at the base, arc th" eyes. The mouth is a vertical orifice, beneath which is a filament "on -a"h .side, that his all the appearance of a tentaculum, but belonging in reality to the foot. The branchiae form but a single range along the left side of the roof of the branchial cavity. The right side is occupied by the rectum and the spermatic canal, which transmits the ova. There is no penis, the animal fecundating The species are numerous, but not very distinct. Linnaeus left them among the Serpuhe*. Th- Vermili&i also K-ft by M. de Lamarck near the Serpula?, are similar to the Verraetif. MAGILUS, Montf., i Magili have a longitudinally carinated tube, which is at first regularly spiral, and then extends itself in a line more or less straight; although th.- animal is unknown, it is highly probable that it should be placed near the Ver.neti J. The SlLIQUARIA, Bl'Ug. I! emblea Vermetus in the head, the position of the operculum, and in the tubular ;md ii regular shell; but there is a fissure on the whole h of this shell which follows its contour, and which corresponds to a .similar (left in that part of the mantle which covers the branchial cavity. Along the whole side of this cleft is a branchial comb, com- posed of numerous, loose and tabular-like lamellae. Linnaeus left them with the Serpula-, and till very lately they were considered as iging to the class of the Annelidesg. * Serpulu lumbricalis, L., Adans., Senegal, XI, 1, and several new species. f Strpn>h< 11, at least six times the size of the mantle, simply surrounds the hole of the summit like a rintr, Fusurtlln unnulafu, Cuv. Patella fiswra, L. f List., 543, 28, &c. The PALMARIA, Montf., most he allied to this 1:1 ; II Patella amlriyu*, Chemn., C \( II, 1918. .VII. Funtrelltt, Emarginulr left in this eenus, of which M. de Hlainvillc has thought proper to make a M-parate class, called POLYPLAXIPHORA, supposing that it leads to the Articulated Animals. VOL. HI O 82 MOLLUSCA. of the branchiae previously to being brought to light *. All the Ace- phala are aquatic f. ORDER I. ACEPHALA TESTACEA. Testaceous Acephala, or Acephala with four branchial leaflets J, are beyond all comparison the most numerous. All the bivalves, and some genera of the multivalves belong to this order. Their body, which contains the liver and viscera, is placed between the two lami- nae of the mantle ; forwards, and still between these laminae are the four branchial leaflets, transversely and regularly striated by the ves- sels : the mouth is at one extremity, the anus at the other, and the heart towards the back ; the foot, when it exists, is inserted between the four branchiae. On the sides of the mouth are four triangular leaflets, which are the extremities of the two lips, and serve as tenta- cula. The foot is a mere fleshy mass, the motions of which are effected by a mechanism analogous to that which acts on the tongue of the Mammalia. Its muscles are attached to the bottom of the valves of the shell. Other muscles, which sometimes form one mass and sometimes two, cross transversely from one valve to the other to keep them closed, but when the animal relaxes these muscles, an elastic ligament placed behind the hinge opens the valves by its contraction. A considerable number of bivalves are provided with what is termed a byssus, or a fasciculus of threads more or less loosely connected, which issues from the base of the foot, and by which the animal ad- heres to various bodies. It uses its foot to direct the threads and to agglutinate their extremities ; it even reproduces them when cut, but the nature of the production is not thoroughly ascertained. Reaumur considered these threads as a secretion, spun and drawn from the sulcus of the foot ; Poli thinks they are mere prolongations of tendi- nous fibres. * Some naturalists are of the opinion that the very minute bivalves, which in cer- tain seasons fill the external branchiae of the Anodontes and Mytilus, are not the progeny of those Mollusca, but a different and parasitic species. See, on this subject, the Dissertation of M. Jacobseu. The difficulty seems to be removed by the observations of Sir Ev. Home. f M. de Lamarck at first changed my name of Acephala into that of Acephalata. M. de Blainville forms a class, which he calls ACEPHALOPHORA, from my Acephala and my Bruchioj-ola. + M. de Lamarck, in his last work, has made his class of the CONCHIFERA from my Testaceous Acephala; and M. de Blainville has converted the same into his order of the ACEPHALOPHORA LAMELLIBRANCHIATA : but it is always the same thing. ACBPHALA TE8TACEA. 83 The shell essentially consists of two pieces, called valves, to which in certain genera are added others, connected by a hinge that is sometimes simple and sometimes composed of a greater or smaller number of teeth and plates, which are received into corresponding cavities. There is usually a projecting part near the hinge called the sum- wit or nates. Most of these shells fit closely when the animal approximates them, but there are several which exhibit gaping portions either before or at the extremities. FAMILY I. OSTRACEA. The mantle is open, without tubes or any particular aperture. Tin* foot is either wanting in these Mollusca or is small ; they are mostly fixed by the shell or byssus to rocks and other submerged bo- dies. Those which are free, seldom move except by acting on the water by suddenly closing their valves. In the first subdivision there is nothing but a muscular mass reach- ing from one valve to the other, as seen by the single impression left upon the shell. 1 1 is thought proper to class with them certain fossil shells, the valves of which do not even appear to have been held together by a ligament, but which covered each other like a vase and its cover, and were con- ntrt.-d by muscles only. They form the genus ACARDA, Brug. OSTRACITA, La Peyr., Of which M. de Lamarck makes a family that he names RUDISTA. Tin- shells are thick, and of a solid or porous tissue. They are now divided into the RADIOLITES, Lam., In which the valves are striated from the centre to the circumfe- rence. Tin- our is flat, the other thick, nearly conical and fixed*. * The species of BrugiVe, 173, f. l, 23, which forms the genus ACARDA, Lam., appears to be nothing more than a double- epiphysis of the vertebra of some ceta- ceous animal. The DISCING, Lam., are Orbiculae ; it is also thought that his iuld be approximated to them. The JODAMIKS of M. de France or HIKOM KITES, Lam., are mere moulds of SPHCSRULITES or at least of the bodies always found in their interior, although they do not adapt themselves to their form. SeeM. Charles Desmoulins on the Sphrnilitt-. o 2 84 MOLLUSCA. SPHJERULITES Lameth., Where the valves are roughened hy irregularly raised plates. It is also thought we may add the CALCEOLA, One valve of which is conical but free, and the other flat and even, somewhat concave, so that they remind us of a shoe ; and even the HIFPURITES, Where one valve is conical or cylindrical with two obtuse, longi- tudinal ridges on the inside ; the base even appears to be divided into several cells by transverse septa*; the other valve fits like a cover. The BATOLITHES, Montf. 334, Are cylindrical and straight Hippurites ; they are frequently found greatly elongated. There is much incertitude, however, with respect to all these bodies f . As to the well known living testaceous Acephala, Linnaeus had united in the genus OSTREA, Lin., All those which have but a small ligament at the hinge, inserted into a little depression on each side, and without teeth or projecting plates. OSTREA, Brug. The true Oysters have the ligament as just described, and irregu- lar inequivalve and lamellated shells. They adhere to rocks, piles, and even to each other, by their most convex valve. The animal PELORIS, Poli, is one of the most simple of all the bivalves, possessing nothing remarkable but a double fringe round the mantle, the lobes of which are only united above the head, near the hinge ; but there is no vestige of a foot. O. edulis, L. The common oyster is well known to every one. Its fecundity is as astonishing as its flavour is delicious. Among the neighbouring species we may observe, O. cristata, Poli, II, xx, or the little Mediterranean oyster. Among the foreign species we have, O. parasitica, L. ; Chemn., VIII, Ixxiv, 681. Round and flat ; it adheres to the roots of such mangroves and other trees of the torrid zone, as the salt-water can reach. * See Deshayes, Ann. des Sc. Nat., June, 1825 ; and Ch. Desmoulins, loc. cit. Several Hippurites have been described by La Peyrouse under the improper name of (...Ihoceratiles. The Cornucopia of Thompson, Journ de Phys. an X, pi. ii, is also one of them. f The observations of M. Deshayes and Audouin even lead us to believe that, in a part of these shells, there were two muscular impressions. ACEPHALA TKSTACEA. 85 O. folium, L. ; Ib., Ixxi, 662, 666. Oval ; the margin plicated in zig-zag ; it attaches itself by the indentations in the back of its convex valve to the branches of the Gorgonire and other Lithophytes*. M. de Lamarck separates by the name of- GBYPH.EA, Lam., Certain oysters, mostly fossil, of the ancient calcareous and schist- ous strata, in which the summit of the most convex valve greatly projn-ts and curves more or less into a hook, or is partially spiral; tin- other valve is frequently concave. The greater number of these .shells apjM'ar to have been free ; some of them, however, seem to have adhered to other bodies by their hookf. G. tricarinata. The only living species known. PECTEN, Brag., The Pectens, very properly separated from the Oysters by Bru- giere, although they have the same kind of hinge, are easily distin- guished by their inequivalvc semi-circular shell, almost always regu- larly marked with ribs, which radiate from the summit of each valve to the edge, and furnished with two angular productions called ears, which widen the sides of the hinge. The animal, ARGUS, Poli, has but a small oval foot J placed on a cylindrical pedicle be- fore a sac-like abdomen that hangs between the branchiae. Some species, known by a deep eaiargination under their anterior ear, are furnished with a byssus. The others cannot adhere, and even swim with rapidity by suddenly closing their valves. The mantle is sur- rounded with two ranges of filaments, several of the external ones being terminated by a little greenish globule. The mouth has nu- merous branched tentacula in place of the four, usual, labial leaflets. The shell is frequently tinged with the most lively colours. The great species of the French coast, Ostrea maxima, L., has convex valves, one whitish, the other reddish, with fourteen ribs each, that arc broad and longitudinally striated. The animal is eaten. We may also remark the Sole of the Indian Ocean, Ostrea so- lea, Chemn., VII, Ixi, 595, with extremely thin and almost equal * The various species of Oysters, on account of their irregularity, are not easily distinguished : tn this genus are referred the Ost. orbicularis ; O. fornicata ; O. rinensis; O. Forskahlii; O. rostrata ; O. virginica / 0. cornucopia; O. senega - lensis; O. stellata; O. oralis ; O.papyracea, and the Mytilus crista-galli ; .!/. hyolis; M.frons, Gmel., and those figured by Brugtere in the Encyc. Method., pi. 17!), 188. It is almost certain, however, that several of these pretended species are mere varieties. The Ost. semi-auritu. ' H. i* a young Acicula hi, undo. Brug., Encyc. Method., pi. 189. J I mproperly styled by Poli the abdominal trachea. 86 MOLLUSCA. valves, one brown, the other white, and internal ribs, fine as hairs, approximated two by two*. LIMA, Brug. The Lima* differ from the Pectens in the superior length of their shell in a direction perpendicular to the hinge, the ears of which are shorter, and the sides less unequal, thus forming an oblique oval. The ribs of most of them are relieved with scales. The valves can- not join during the life of the animal, whose mantle is furnished with numberless filaments of different lengths without tubercles, and more internally, with a large border which closes the opening of the shell, and even forms a veil in front. The foot is small and the bys- sus trifling. The Limse swim with rapidity by means of their valves. One species, the Ostrea lima, L. ; Chemn., VII, Ixviii, 651, of a fine white, inhabits the Mediterranean. It is eaten f. PEDUM, Brug. The oblong and oblique shell with small ears, of the Limse ; but the valves are unequal, and the one only that is most convex has a deep emargination for the byssus. The animal is similar to that of a Lima, but its mantle is only furnished with a single range of small, slender tentacula. Its byssus is larger. But a single species is known; it inhabits the Indian Ocean J. Certain fossils may be placed here which have the hinge, ligament, and central muscle of the Ostreae, Pectines, and Limae, but are distinguished by some of the details of the shell. HINNITA, Defr. The Hinnitse appear to be Ostrese or Limae with small ears, and ad- hering, irregular and very thick shells, the convex valve in particular. A depression is observed on the hinge for the ligament . * Add the ninety-one species of Ostrea, Gmel. ; we must remember, however, that some of them are far from established on a solid foundation. For the fossil species, consult Sowerby (Mineral Conchology), and Brongniart, App. Cuv., Oss. Foss. tome II, Env. de Paris. f Add, Ostrea glacialis, Chemn., VII, Ixviii, 652, 653; Ostr. excavata, Ib., 654 >Ostr. fragilis, Ib., 650 ; Ostr. Mans, Gault., LXXXVIII, FF, G. For the fossil species, see Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., VIII, p. 461 ; Brocchi, Conch. Foss., and Sowerb., Min. Conch. I Ostrea spondyloidea, Gm., Chemn., VIII, Ixxxii, 669, 670. Some living species have very lately been referred to the genus HINNITA, Defr. M. Gray, Ann. of Phil., August 1826, describes one by the name of Hin- nita gigantea; Sowerby, Zool. Journ. IX, p. 67, adds a second by that of H. corallina; finally, M. Deshayes refers the Ostrea sinuosa, L., to this genus, and de- scribes a fourth living species under the name of Hinnita Defrancii; M. Defrance also admits two fossil species, the H. Cortesii, Blainv., Malac., pi. Ixi, f. 1, and the H. Dubuissonii. ACKl'HALA TKbTACKA. 87 PLAGIOSTOMA, Sowerb., The obli.jue shell of a Lima, flattened on one side; very small ears ; tin- valves more convex, striated, without scales, the opening for the smaller *. Found in formations anterior to chalk. PACHYTKS, Defr. Nearly the same form as that of the Pectines; shell regular, with smill ears; a flattened transverse space between their summits, which in one of the valves is marked by a deep triangular notch, in which paed tin- ligament. Found in chalk f. In the DIANCHORA, Sowerb., The viilvrs are oblique and irregular, one of them adherent and with a perforated summit, the other free and with earsj. PODOPSIS, Lam. ilar striated valves without opercula ; the summit of one of them inure salient, truncated and adherent, frequently very thick, and form- ing a sort of pedestal to the shell . Although multivalve, we should approximate the ANOMIA, Brug. To the Ostreae. The Anomiae have two thin, unequal, irregular valves, the flattest of which is deeply notched on the side of the ligament, which is similar to that of the Ostreae. The greater part >1 the central muscle traverses this opening to be inserted into a third plate that is sometimes stony and sometimes horny, by which the animal adheres to foreign bodies, and the remainder of it (the muscle) serves to join one valve to the other. The animal, ECJHION, Poli, has a small vestige of a foot, similar to that of a Pecteri, which slips between the emargination and the plate that closes it, and per- haps serves to direct water to the mouth which is close to it ||. These shells are found attached to various bodies like the Ostreae. They are found in every sea ^f. * I'Utyioitoma giyas, Sowerb., Encyc. Method., Test., pi. 238, f. 3 ; PI. Ue- rii/nhnn, Parkins., Org. Rein.. Ill, pi. xiii, f. 6 ; and the other species given by Sowerby, Min. Conch., pi. 1 13, 114, and 382. f Pachiifia sinnnsus, Fr. Sowerb., Cuv., Oss. Foss., II, Env. de Paris, pi. iv, 2, A, B, C, and Hlainv., Malar., pi. Iv, f. 2: Path, hoperi, Sowerb., 380. J Dianch, striata ; D. lata, Sowerb., Min. Conch., pi. 80. Pwiopt. tntncata, Encyc. pi. 188, f. 2, 6, 7 ; Cuv., Oss. Foss. ; Env. de Paris, pl. V. f. I, N.I'.. M. de Blainville considers these four last genera as more nearly related to the Terebratulte. M. Deshayes, on the contrary, Ann. des So. Nat. Dec. 1834, it proximate thorn to the Spondyli. || This foot escaped the notice of M. Poli. HUM ephippium, Gin.. .!. ctjm ; A. elcctrica ; A. squamula; .1. acu- l,-tilit .- .1. siitninnt . .1. / t'nctata ; A. umlulata, und the species added by Ilru- .-. Mr'!-... I.. \ M~.. ! TO, , t ieq, . ai (1 |il. I/O, 71. The other Anomi* of Gmelin arc Placuny-sus seems to be wanting, and they are frequently found among sponges . It is thought that we may approximate to the Pernae, certain fossil shells, in which the hinge is also furnished with cavities more or less numerous, that correspond to each other, and thus appear to have fur- ni>hed points of attachment to ligaments : thus those of the GERVILIA, Defr. Have a shell closely resembling that of the Volucellae, but with a kind of double hinge, externally with opposed cavities, receiving as many ligaments, and internally furnished with very oblique teeth in r;u -h valve. Their impressions are found along with Ammonites in compact limestone ||. The Ostrea tuhella, Chemn., VIII, Ixx, 657, of which the Ostrea anatina, Ib. 658, 659, is probably a mere accidental variety. f Mya tulsella, Chemn., VI, ii, To, 11 ; V. sponffiarum, Lam., Savig., Eg., Coq. pi. xiv, f. 2 ; r. Mans, Lam., Sav., Ib., f. 3. J Ostrea tsoonomiim, Chemn., VII, lir, 584 ; O. pfrna, Ib., 580 ; O. Itgvmen, Ib., 578; O. ephippium, Ib., Iviii, 576 ; O. mytiloidcs, Herm., Nat. fieri., Schr. II. ,v Ostrea picla, Gm., Chrmn.. \ II. Iviii, 575, or Crenatula phasionoptera, Lam., ..-. Method., Test., pi. 216, f. 2 ; Crenatula acicularis, Lam., Ann. du Mus, III, pl. ii, f. 3, 4 ; Cr. mytiloidts, Id., Ib. f. 1 and 2. See also the great work on Egypt, Coq. pl. ii. || Grrritta soleiwMes, Defr., Blainv., Malac., Ixi, 4 ; G. pernoldct, Dcslonchamp*, S.H-. Lin. da Calvados, I, 1 16. G. siliqua, Id. Ib., &c. 90 J1OLLUSCA. INOCERAMUS, Sowerb. Is remarkable for the elevation and inequality of the valves, the summit of which curves in a hook towards the hinge, and which has a lamellatcd texture *. CASTILLUS, Brong. Independently of the depressions for the ligament, the Castilli are marked by a conical sulcus, sunk in a lip, which is bent at a right an- gle to form one of the margins of the shell. The valves are about equal, and of a fibrous texture. They appear to have had a byssus f. PULVINITES, Defr. A regularly triangular shell, in which the few depressions diverge from the summit on the inside. The impression is found in chalk J. In the second subdivision of the Ostracea, as well as in almost all the bivalves which follow, besides the single transverse muscular mass of the preceding genera, there is a fasciculus which is placed before the mouth, and extends from one valve to the other. It is apparently in this subdivision that we must place the ETHERIA, Lam. Large inequivalve shells, as irregular as those of the Ostrese, and more so ; no teeth to the hinge ; the ligament partly external and partly internal. They differ from the Ostreae in having two muscular im- pressions. The animal is not seen to produce a byssus , They have lately been discovered in the Upper Nile ||. AVICULA, Brug. An equivalve shell with a rectilinear hinge, frequently extended into wings by its extremities, furnished with a narrow and elongated liga- ment, and sometimes with small notches near the mouth of the ani- mal ; in the anterior side, a little beneath the angle of the side of the mouth, is a notch for the byssus. The anterior transverse muscle is excessively small. The species with less salient ears form the PINTADIN^E, Lam., or MARGARITA, Leach. The most celebrated, Mytilus margaritiferus, L., Chemn., VIII , Ixxx, 717> 721, has nearly a semicircular shell, greenish without, *^Inoceramus concentricus, Parkins., Cuv., Oss. Foss., II, pi. vi, f. 11 ; Inocer. sulcatus, Id., Ib., f. 12. f Catillus Cnvieri, Brong., Cuv., Oss. Foss., II, pi. iv, f. 10. J Pulvinitcs Adansonii, Defr., Blainv., Malac., Ixii, bis, 3. Etheria elliplica, Lam., Ann. clu Mus. X, pi. xxix, and xxxi ; Elh. fngonula, Ib., pi. xxx ; Eth. seminularis, Ib., pi. xxxii, f. 1, 2; Elh. transversa, Ib., f. 3, 4. || Eth. Caillaudi, Voy. de Caillaud a Mdro<>, II, pi, lxi,-f. 2, 3. ACKPHALA TBbTACEA. 91 and ornamented with tin- most beautiful nacre within. The lat- ter is employed in the arts, and it is from the extravasation of this substance that are produced the oriental or fine pearls, taken by the divers at Ceylon, in the Persian Gulf, &c. The name of AVICULA is appropriated to such as have more pointed ears, and a more oblique shell. The vestige of a tooth, of which 1 1 aces are visible in the Pintadinae, is observed on the hinge, before the ligament. One species, Mytilus hirundo, L., Chemn., VIII, Ixxxi, 722 728, that inhabits the Mediterranean, is remarkable for the pointed ears which extend its hinge on each side. Its byssus is coarse and stout, resembling a little tree *. PINNA, Lin. The Pinnae have two equal valves, forming a segment of a circle, or iv>eiiilling a half opened-fan, which are closely united by a ligament along one of their sides. The animal, the CHIMERA, Poli, is elongated, like its shell ; the lips, branchiae, and other parts are in the same proportion. The mantle is closed along the side of the ligament ; the foot resembles a little conical tongue excavated by a sulcus ; it is furnished with a small transverse muscle situated at the acute angle formed by the valves, near whic*h is the mouth, and with a very large one in their broader portion. By the side of the anus, which is behind this large muscle, is a conical appendage, peculiar to the genus, susceptible of expansion and elongation, the use of which is unknownf. The byssus of several species of Pinna is as fine and brilliant as silk, and is employed in fabricating the most precious stuffs. Such is the P. nobilis. L., Chemn. VIII, Ixxxix ; which is moreover re- cognized by the valves being roughened with recurved and semi- tabular plates. It remains half buried in the sand, and anchored by its byssus \. In the A RCA, Lin. The valves are equal and transverse, that is to say, the hinge occu- pies the longest side. It is furnished with a large number of small teeth, which interlock with each other, and, as in the subsequent genera, with two fasciculi of transverse and nearly equal muscles, in- Several species are now made of it. See Lam., An. sans Verteb., VI, part I, p. 146, et seq. f M. Poli also calls it an abdominal trachea, just as erroneously as he applies the same name to the foot of the Peclines, &c. I The whole genus Pinna may remain as it is in Gmelin : it is well to remem- ber, however, that some of his species may be found to form but one. See also Lam., An. sans Vert., VI, part I, p. 130, et seq., and Sowerb., Gen. of Shells, No. \\\ I M. de Blainville forms his family of the ARC ACE A or POLYODONTES, from the genus ARCA. 92 MOLLUSCA. serted into the extremities of the valves, which serve to close them. In the AHCA, Lam., Or the Arose properly so called, the hinge is rectilinear, and the shell most elongated in a direction parallel to it. The summits are generally convex, and curve over the hinge, but are separated from each other. The valves do not close perfectly in the centre, because there is a horny plate or tendinous fillet, before the abdomen of the animal * that serves for a foot, and by which it adheres to submerged bodies. They are found in rocky bottoms near the shore, and are usually covered with a hairy epidermis. They are not much esteemed for the table. Some species are found in the Mediterranean f, and a great many fossil, in strata anterior to chalk, particularly in Italy. Certain Areas in which the teeth of the two ends of the hinge as- sume a longitudinal direction, are distinguished by Lamarck under the name of CUCUL.LUEA J. We ought also, it is probable, to separate the species with well marked ribs, and completely closing and interlocking edges ; for we must presume that their animal is not fixed, but rather resembles that of a Pec tune ulus . We have a still better warrant /or removing the Area tortuosa, Chemn., VIII, liii, 524, 525, in its fantastic figure and unequally obli- que valves || . PECTUNCULUS, Lam. The hinge forming a curved line, and the shell lenticular; the valves always close completely, and their summits are approximated. The animal, AXIMEA, Poll, is furnished with a large compressed foot with a double inferior margin which enables it to crawl. They live in ooze. Some species are found on the coast of France ^]. NUCULA, Lam. The Nuculse are Arcae, in which the teeth are arranged on a broken line. Their form is elongated, and narrowed near the posterior ex- tremity. Their animal is unknown, but is probably not far removed from those of the preceding shells **. This has long been the place assigned to the * The DAPHNE, Poli. f Area Noel', Chemn., VII, liii, 529, 531 ; Area barbata, Id., liv, 535, 537 ; A. ovata, Ib., 538 ; A. magellanica, Ib., 539; A. reticulata, Ib. 540; A. Candi- da, Id., Iv, 542, 544; A. indica, Ib., 543; A. cancetlata, Schrced., Intr., Ill, ix, 2. J Area cucullata, Chemn., VII, liii, 526, 528 ; Cucullcea crassalina, Lam., Ann. du Mus., VI, 338. Area antiquata, L. Chemn., VII, Iv, 548, 549 ; A. senilis, Id., Ivi, 554, 556 ; A. granosa, Ib., 557 ; A. corbiculata, Ib., 558, 559 ; A. rhombo'idea, Ib., 553 ; A . jamaicensis, List., 229, 64. || It forms the genus TRISIS, Oken. ^ Area pilosa, L., Chemn., VII, Ivii, 565, 566 ; Arc. glycimeris, Ib.. 564 ; A. decvssata, Ib., 561 ; A. eequilatera. Id., 562 ; A. undata, Ib., 560 ; A. marmorata, Ib., 563; A. peclunculus, Id., Iviii, 568, 569 ; A. pectinata, Ib., 570, 571. ** Area pellucida, Chemn., VII, liv, 541 ; Area rostrata, L., Id., Iv, 550, 551 ; Arc. pella, Ib., 546; Are. nucleus, Id., Iviii, 574. ACKPHALA TKSTACKA. TKKJONIA, Bntg. So remarkable for the hinge, which is furnished with two plates en ehrvron, crenulated on both faces, each of which penetrates into two cavities, or rather between four plates of the opposite side, similarly crenulated on their internal surface. The internal impressions on the shell had already warranted the supposition that the animal was not provided with long tubes. Messrs. Quoy and Gaymard have lately discovered living specimens of this genus, and in t'.u-t. its mantle, as in the Arcae, is open and without any separate orifice, even for the anus. The foot is large, its anterior portion trenchant and like a hook. The living Trigoniae resemble the Cardiae in the form of their shell, and the ribs which furrow it : its interior is composed of nacre *. The fossil Trigoniae are different. Their shell is flattened on one side, oblique, longest in a direction perpendicular to the hinge, and traversed in a contrary direction by series of tubercles f. FAMILY II. MYTILACEA. In the second family of the testaceous Acephala, the mantle is open before? but has a distinct aperture for the faeces. All these bivalves have a foot, used in crawling, or at least serving to draw out, direct and place the byssus. They are commonly known under the generic name of Muscles. MYTILUS, Lin. The true Mytili or Sea- Muscles have a closed shell, with equal, con- vex and triangular valves. One of the sides of the acute angle forms the hinge, and is furnished with a long, narrow ligament. The head of the animal is in the acute angle ; the other side of the shell, which is the longest, is the anterior one, and allows the passage of the byssus ; it terminates in a rounded angle, and the third side ascends towards the hinge, to which it is joined by an obtuse angle ; near this latter is tin* .nus, opposite to which tho mantle forms an opening or small 1 artii-ular tube. The animal CALLITRICHE, Poli, has the edges of its mantle provided with branched tentacula near the rounded angle, as it is then- tli.it the water enters required for respiration. Before, and near the acute angle is a small transverse muscle, and a large one behind, near the obtuse angle. Its foot resembles a tongue. In the true Mytili the summit is close to the acute angle. Some of them are striated and others smooth. * The TriyonU namfe, Lam.. Ann. y the more or less depressed contour described by the insertion of the edges of the mantle previous to its uniting with the impression of the posterior transverse muscle*. CARDIUM, Lin., The Cardia, like many other bivalves, have an equivalve, convex shell, with salient summits, curved towards the hinge, which, when viewing it sidewise, gives it the figure of a heart ; hence its name of Cardium, heart, &c. Ribs, more or less elevated, are regularly dis- tributed from the summits to the edges of the valves; but what chiefly distinguishes the Cardia, is the hinge, through which, in the middle, are two small teeth, and at some distance before and behind a projecting tooth or plate. The animal, CERASTES, Poli, has ge- nerally an ample aperture in the mantle, a very large foot forming an clhou- in the middle and with its point directed forwards, and two short or but moderately long tubes. Numerous species of Cardia arc found on the coast of France, some of which are eaten, such as the C. edule, L. ; Chemn., VI, xix, 194. Fawn-coloured or whitish with twenty-six transversely plicated ribs. Under the name of H EMI CARDIUM, we might separate those species in \\-hich the valves are compressed from before backwards, and strongly carinated in the middle; for it seems almost certain, that a modification of the animal must be a necessary consequence of this singular configurationf. DONAX, Lin., The Donaces have nearly the same kind of hinge as the Cardia, but * They form the family of the CONCH ACEA, Blainv. t Cardium Cardissa, VI, xiv, 143 146; Card, roseum, Ib., 147 ; Card, mon- strusum, Ib. 149, 150; Card, hcniicttrdium, Id., xi, 159 161. Tin- other Cardia of Gmelin may remain where they are, the C. gadittinum excepted, whirh is a IVctunculus. There are several fossil species described by Messrs. Lamarck' Brocchi, and Brongnmrt. M 2 100 MOLLUSCA. their shell is of a very different form, being a triangle, of which the obtuse angle is at the summit of the valves, and the base at their edge, and of which the shortest side is that of the ligament, or the posterior side, a rare circumstance in this degree, among bivalves. They are generally small, and prettily striated from the summits to the edges ; their animal PERONJEA, Poli, is furnished with long tubes which are received into a sinus of the mantle. Some of them are found on the coast of France*. The CYCLAS, Bmg. Separated from Venus by -Brugiere, like the Cardia and Donaces, has two teeth in the middle of the hinge, and before and behind, two salient, and sometimes crenulated plates ; but the shell, as in several species of Venus, is more or less rounded, equilateral, and trans- versely striated. The animal has moderate tubes. The external tint is usually grey or greenish. The Cyclades inhabit fresh water. One species, the Tellina cornea, L.; Chemn., VI, xiii, 133, is very common on the coast of France j\ M. Lamarck separates the CTRKNA, Lam. Where the shell is thick, slightly triangular and oblique, covered with an epidermis, and otherwise distinguished from the Cyclades by having three cardinal teeth. The Cyrcnse also inhabit rivers, but there are none in France J. CYPRINA, Lam. Also separated from the Cyclades by Lamarck ; the shell is thick, oval, with recurved summits, and three stout teeth ; further back is * Donax rugosa, Cliemn., VI, xxv, 250 252 ; D. trunculns. Ib,, xxvi, 253, 254 ; D. striata, Knorr.. Delic., VI, xxviii, 8 ; D. denticulata, Chemu., I, c. 256, 257; D. faba, Ib., 266; D. spinosa, Ib., 258. Fossil species are numerous in the environs of Paris. See Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., VIII, 139, and Deshayes, Coq. foss. des Env. de Paris, I, pi. xvii, xviii. The Donax irrcgvlaris, from the Environs of Dax, described by M. Bastorat in the Mm. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris, t. II, pi. iv, f. 19, A, B, is the type of a new genus lately established Bullet, de la Soc. Lin. de Bourdeaux, II, by M. Charles Desmoulins, under the name of GRATELUPIA. It is distinguished from the Donaces by the presence of several dentiform lamellae which accompany the cardinal teeth. Several species of Venus, and some Mactree, are mixed with these true Donaces by Gmelin. f Add Tellina rivalis, Miill., Drap., X, 4, 5; Cyclas fontinalis, Drap., Ib., 8 12 ; Cycl. caliculata, Ib., 13, T4 ; Tellina lacustris, Gm., Chemn., XIII, 135 ; Tell, amnica, Ib., 134; Tell, fluviatilis ; Tell, flutninalis, Chemn., VI, xxx, 320. I Tell, fluminea, Chemn., Ib., 322, 323; Venus coaxans, Id., xxxii, 336, or Cyrena ceylanica, Lam., Encyc. Method., pen., pi. 302, f. 4 ; Venus borealis, Id., VII, xxxix, 312, 314 ; Cyclas cardiniana, Bosc., Shells., Ill, xviii, 4. Fossil spe- cies abound near Paris. See Deshayes, Coq. Foss., I, pi. 18, 1 J ACKl'HALA TESTACEA. 101 a plate, and under the teeth a large cavity, which receives a part of the ligament*. GALATH^A, Brug. The shell triangular ; three teeth on the summit of one valve, and two on the other, en chevron ; the lateral plates approximated!. But a single speci< -s is known; it inhabits the fresh waters of the East Indies. here also that must be placed another genus separated from WMIIS, the COHBIS, Cuv. FIMBRIA, Megerl. Marine testaceous Acephah, transversely oblong, which have also stout middle teeth, and well marked lateral plates ; their external surface is furnished with tr.msverse ribs so regularly crossed by rays, that it may be compared to wicker-work. The impression of their mantle exhibiting no flexure, their tubes must be short f . Some of them are fossil. In the TELLINA, Lin. There are in the middle, one tooth on the left and two teeth on the rijrht, frequently forked, at some distance before and behind, on the right valve, a plate, which does not penetrate into a cavity of the opposite one. There is a slight plica near the posterior extremity of the two valves, which renders them unequal in that part, where they are somewhat open. The animal of the Tellinoe PERoN^A,Poli, like that of the Dona ces, has two long tubes for respiration and for the anus, which with- draw into the shell, and are concealed in a duplicature of the mantle. Their shells are generally transversely striated, and decorated with beautiful colours. Some of them are oval anil thick. Others are oblong and strongly compressed. Some again are lenticular, where, instead of a plica, there is fre- quently nothing but a slight deviation of the transverse striae ||. We might separate certain oblong species which have no lateral * Fenus islandica, Chemo., VI, xxxii, 342, Encyc. pi. 301, f . 1 ; a large fossil species is found in the hills of Siennois and near Dax, of Bourdeaux. f The Egeria, Roiss., or Galalhtta, Brug., Encyc. 249, and Lam., Ann. du Mus., V, xxviii, and Venus hermaphrodita, Chemn., VI, xxxi, 327 329 ? or fenus sub- . Gm. J Venus fimbriata, Chemn., VII, 43, 448. See Deshayes, Coq. Foss. des Envir. de Paris, I. xiv; Brongn., Mem. sur le .fur. II These are the three divisions of Gmelin, but we must abstract from his genus IVIIina: 1st. Tell. Kaorni. which is a polished Capsa ; 2d. Tell, inaqniralris, which i* the genus Panthra : .id. 7VU. cornea; T. tarustris ; T. amnica ; T. Jluminalu i T.futmnea , T./iuiVi/t/w, which are Cycladcs or Cyrenae. 102 MOLLUSCA. teeth*, and others, which, with the hinge 'of the Tellinsp, have, not the plica of the posterior extremity they arc the TELLINIDES, Lam.f It is necessary to distinguish from the Tellinae, the LORIPES, Poli, In which the middle teeth of the lenticular shell are almost effaced, and where there is a simple sulcus for the ligament behind the nates. The animal is furnished with a short double tube, and its foot is pro- longed into a kind of cylindrical cord. Besides the usual impres- sions, we may observe, on the inside of the shell, a line running ob- liquely from the print of the anterior muscle, which is very long, towards the nates. There is no flexure in the print of the mantle for the retractor muscle of the tube J. LUCINA, Brug. Separated lateral teeth, as in the Cardia, Cyclades, &c., that pene- trate between the plates of the other valve ; in the middle are two teeth, frequently, but slightly apparent. The shell is orbicular, and without any impression of the retractor muscle of the tube ; that of the anterior constrictor, however, is very long. Possessing similar traits of character with the Loripedes, their animals must be analo- gous . The living species are much less numerous than those that are fossil; the latter are very common in the environs of Paris ||. We should approximate to the Lucinae, the UNGULINJEA, which also have an orbicular shell and two cardinal teeth ; the lateral ones, how- ever, are wanting, and the anterior muscular impression is not so long *$. The genus VENUS, Lin. Comprises many Testacea whose general character consists in the teeth and plates of the hinge being approximated under the summit, in a single group. They are usually more flattened and elongated, in a direction parallel to the hinge, than the Cardia. The ribs, when there are any, are almost always parallel to the edges, being directly the reverse of their arrangement in the Cardia. The ligament frequently leaves an elliptical impression behind the summits, which has received the appellation of vulva, and before * Tell, hyalina, Chemn., VI, xi, 99 ; Tell vitrea, Ib., 101. f Tellinides timorensis, Lam. J Tellina laclea. Venus pennsylvanica, Chemn, VII, xxxvii, 394 396, xxxix, 408, 409; V. cdentula, Id., xl, 427, 429. || Lucina saxorum, Lam., Deshayes, Coq. Foss. des Env. de Paris, I, pi. xv., f. 5, 6; Luc. grata, Defr. ; Ibid. pi. xvi, f. 5, 6; Luc. concentrica, Lam., Desh., Ib., xvi., f. 11,12. h L.; Chcmn. XI, 193, f. 194, is from the Arctic Ocean. * Mactra lutraria, List., 415, 259 ; Chemn., VI, xxiv, 240, 241 ; Mya oblonga, Id., Ib., ii, 12 ; Acosta, Brit. Conch., XVII, 4 ; Gualt., 90, A, fig. min. f Mya truncata, L., Chemn., VI, i, 1, 2; M. arenaria, Ib., 3, 4. J Solen anatinus, Chemn., VI, vi, 46 48. Encyc., 230, 6, under the name of Corbitlc ; An. hispidula, Cuv., An. sans vert., Egyp. Coq. pi. vii. f. 8. I suspect that the Rui'icoL.E of F. de Bcllcvue (Voy. Roissy, VI, 440) must appfoach this subgenus. They live in the interior of stones, like the Petricoltf, Phulades, &c. || New-Holland furnishes a second species, the Sol. auslrulis, Lam. ACEPHALA TESTACEA. 10? PANOPEA, Mesnard* Lagr. A stout tooth, anterior to the callous enlargement of the preceding submenus, and immediately under tin- Mimmit, which sit<^ ;i similar one on the opposite valve, a character which approximate the Panopeae to the Solens. A large species is found in the hills at the foot of the Appenines in so high a state of preservation, that it has heen iiii>tak'ii for a recent sea-shell *. Tlit-rc is another fossil species, which may perhaps be separated I'rum it. tliat is completely closed at its anterior extremity f. After these various modifications of the Myae, we may place the PANDORA, Bruy. In which one valve is much flatter than the other ; the internal ligament is placed transversely, accompanied in front by a projecting tooth of the flattened valve. The posterior side of the shell is elon- gated. The animal withdraws more completely into its shell than the preceding ones, and its valves shut more closely its habits how- ever are the same. But a single species is well known ; it inhabits the seas of Europe J. Here also we find a group of some small and singular genera, such as BYSSOMIA, Cuv. Where the oblong shell, which has no marked tooth, has the opening tor the foot at about the middle of its edge and opposite the summits. The Byssomiae also penetrate into stone, corals, &c. A species which is provided with a byssus, abounds in the Arctic Ocean . HIATELLA, Daud. The shell gaping, to allow the passage of the foot, near the middle of its edges ; but the tooth of the hinge is better marked than in the pp-ivding genus. Ranges of salient spines are frequently observed on the hind part of the shell. They are found in sand, among Zoo- phytes, &c. The North Sea produces a small species ||. * Myti ijlyrimeris, L., Chemn., VI, iii. A neighbouring, but shorter species in- iie Mediterranean. Another fossil species is found near Bourdeaux. f l\ini>f t\vrm these little tubes and those which envelope the tentacula of certain Tcrebella, formerly canned this animal to be ret'envd to tin- .\nm-li . The speeie* most known, Asper. javanum, Mart., Conch.. 1 jl. 1, f 7, is seven or eight inches in length*. ORDER II. ACEPHALA NUDA f. The naked Acephala (a) are not numerous, and are sufficiently removed from the ordinary Acephala, to form a distinct class, were such a division considered requisite. Their branchiae assume varimi> fon UN. I nt are never divided into four leaflets; the shell is replaced by a cartilaginous substance which is sometimes so thin that it is as llexible as a membrane. We divide them into two families. FAMILY I. SEGREGATA(6). This family comprises those genera in which the individuals that compose them are insulated and without any mutual organic connection, although frequently living in society. In the HIPHORA, Brug. THALIA, Drown. SALPA, and DAGYSA, Umclin, The mantle and its cartilaginous envelope are oval or cylindrical, and open at the two extremities. Near the anus, the opening is trans- verse, wide, and furnished with a valve which permits the entrance of water, but not its exit ; near the mouth, it is simply tubular. Mus- * Add the Arrosoir a manchettes, Savig., Egyp. Coq. pi. xiv, f. 9. t since called by M. De Blainville ACEPHALUPHORA HETKUOBRANCHIATA. As to Lamarck, he makes a separate class of them, which he calls the TUNICATA, and \\liidi he places between his Radiata and his Permes ; but these animals having a bruin, nerves, a heart, vessels, liver, &c. this arrangement is inadmissible. 0^ (a) Or the Acephalcs sans coquillfs of our author. ENO. ED. (I) As this family has received no name from our author, we have been com- pelled iu conformity with the plan adopted from the commencement of the work, t<> n imdy the omission, for such we consider it, by the above word ; in the selection of uhuh we have been governed by that which the Baron himself affixes to the second family, or hi- Ayyreyh. ENO. ED. 112 MOLLUSCA. cular bands embrace the mantle and contract the body. The animal moves by taking in water at the posterior aperture, and forcing it out through that near the mouth, so that it is always propelled backwards, a circumstance which has led some naturalists into error by causing them to mistake the posterior opening for the true mouth*. It usually swims on its back. The branchiae form a single tube or riband, furnished with regular vessels, placed obliquely in the middle of the tubular cavity pf the mantle, in such a manner that it is con- stantly bathed by the water as it traverses that cavity f. The heart, viscera, and liver are wound up near the mouth and towards the back ; but the position of the ovary varies. The mantle and its en- velope when exposed to the sun exhibit the colours of the rainbow, and are so diaphanous, that the whole structure of the animal can be seen through them : in many they are furnished with perforated tubercles. The animal has been seen to come out from its envelope without appearing to suffer pain. The most curious circumstance respecting them, is their remaining united for a long time, just as they were in the ovary, and thus swimming in long chains where the individuals are disposed in different ways, but each species always according to the same order. M. de Chamisso assures us, that he has verified a still more sin- gular fact relative to these animals ; it is, that the individuals which have thus issued from a multiplex ovary, are not furnished with a similar one, but produce insulated young ones of various forms, which have an ovary like that which produced their parent, so that there is, alternately, a generation of a few insulated individuals, and another of numerous and aggregate ones, and that these two alternating generations do not resemble each other J. It is very certain that in some species little individuals have been observed adhering to the interior of large ones, by a peculiar kind of sucker, which were different in form from those that contained them. These animals are very abundant in the Mediterranean and the warmer portions of the ocean, and are frequently phosphorescent. The THALLE, Brown, have a small crest or vertical fin near the posterior extremity of the back ||. * This has also happened to M. de Chamisso, in his Dissert, de Salpis, Berl., 1819, and to others after him, but it is evident that there is no good reason for changing the denomination of parts in an animal merely because it swims on its back, with the head behind. It is thus that naturalists have been led into error with respect to the organization of the Pterotracheata, which always swim on their back, a mode of natation common to numberless Gasteropoda both testaceous and naked. f Some authors assert that this tube is perforated at both ends, and that the water traverses it ; I have endeavoured to convince myself of the truth of this assertion, but in vain. J Chamisso, loc. cit., I. p. 4. See my Mem. sur les Biphores, f. II. || Holothuria Thalia, Gm., Brown's Jam., xliii, 3; H. caudata, lb., 4; H. denudata, Encyc. Method., Vers., Ixxxviii ; Salpa critata, Cuv., Ann. du Mus., IV, Ixviii, 1, figured under the name of Dagysa by Home, Lect. on Compar. Anat. II, Ixiii ; Salpa pinnata, Forsk., xxv, B. ACEPHALA NUDA. 113 Of the SALP, properly so called, some have a gelatinous dark co- lour. to, Forsk., xliii, C -,Ascidia , and the anus terminates in a com- mon tavity, which is in the centre of the star. If an orifice be irri- tated, Imt a single animal contracts ; if the centre be touched they all contract. These very small animals attach themselves to certain Ascidiae, Fuci,&c*. In some particular species, three or four stars appeared to be pih-d one on the other f. PYROSOMA, Peron. The Pyrosomie unite in great numbers, forming a large hollow cylinder, open at one end and closed at the other, which swims in the ocean by the alternate contraction and dilatation of the individual animals which compose it. The latter terminate in a ppint on the exterior, so that the whole external surface of the tube is bristled with them; the branchial orifices are pierced near these points, and the anus debouches in the internal cavity of the cylinder. A l'\ T< .Miinii may thus be compared to a great number of stars of Bo- trylli .->trung together, the whole of which is moveable J. Tin- Mediterranean, and the Ocean, produce large species, the animals of which are arranged with but little regularity. They xhibit a phosphorescent appearance during the night . A smaller species is also known ||, where the animals are arranged in very regular rings. The remainder of these aggregated Mollusca, like the ordinary A idiae, have the anus and branchial orifice approximated to the same etremity, The species known are all fixed, and till now they have been confounded with the Alcyonia. The visceral bundle of :u-h individual is more or less extended into the common cartilaginous or gelatinous mass, more or less narrowed or dilated in certain points ; but each orifice always forms a little six-rayed star on the surface. We unite tin-in all under the name of Some of them are extended over bodies like fleshy crests **. See Desmarets and Lesueur, Bullet, des Sc. May 1815 ; Botryllus stellatus, Gfert //"ilium Srhlusseri, Gm., Pall., Spic. Zool., X, iv, 15. f ttotryllus conglomerate, Geert., or Alcyonium conglomeration, Gm.; Pall., Spic. Zool. X, iv, 6. J See Dcsmnrcts and Lcsueur, loc. cit. .f the Polyclina and Aplidiaof Savigny. || Pyrotoinn ttflauticum, Pron., Ann. du Mus., IV, Ixxii ; Pyrosoma gigas, Detnar., and Lesueur, Bullet, des Sc. June 1815, pi. v, f. 2. f The Pyrotomedttgant, Lesueur, Bullet, des Sc., June 1815, pi. v, f. Q. ** It is from the number of strangulations, that is to say, the greater or less Reparation of the branchite, stomach, and ovary, that M.de Savigny has formed his Po- IM I IM M. Ai-l.lDIUM, DlDBMMUM, EUCJSLIUM, DlAZONA, SlGILLINA, &C. uhiili, in our opinion, need not be retained. Here, also, should come the Alcyonium ficvs, tin Distomus rariolosus, Gaertn., or Alcyonium ascidioMfs, Gm., Pall., Sj.i,-. Zool., X, IV, 7. *. 116 MOLLUSC A. Others project in a conical or globular mass*, Or expand into a disk comparable to that of a flower or of an Actinia f, or are elongated into cylindrical branches supported by slender pedicles, &c. J or, form parallel cylinders . Recent observations even seem to show that the ESCHARS, hitherto placed among the POLYPI, belong to this family of the Mollusca|| . CLASS V. BRACHIOPODA f . The Mollusca Brachiopoda, like the Acephala, have a bilobed mantle which is always open. Instead of feet they are provided with two fleshy arms furnished with numerous filaments, which they can protrude from, and draw into the shell. The mouth is between the base of the arms. Neither their organs of generation, nor their ner- vous system are well known. All the Brachiopoda are invested with bibalve shells, fixed and immoveable. But three genera are known. LINGULA, Brug. Two equal, flat, oblong valves, the summits of which are at the ex- tremity of one of the narrow sides, gaping at the other end, and attached between the two summits to a fleshy pedicle, which suspends them to the rocks ; the arms become spirally convoluted previously to entering the shell. It appears that the branchiae consist of small leaflets, disposed around the internal face of each lobe of the mantle. But a single species Lingula anatina, Cuv., Ann. du Mus., I, vi, Seb., Ill, xvi, 4, is known. It inhabits the Indian Ocean, and has thin, horny and greenish valves**. * The Euccelium, Savig. ; the Distomi are arranged in the same manner. f The genus Diazona, Sav., consisting of a large and beautiful purple species discovered near Ivice by M. Delaroche. J The genus Sigillina, Sav., -whose cylindrical branches are frequently a foot long, and the animals, slender as threads, but three or four inches. The genus Synocium, Lam. || Messrs. Audouin and Milne Edwards on the one hand, and M. de Blainville on the other, have lately verified this fact, which the observations of Spallanzani pre- viously seemed to announce. *!{ M. de Blainville has given to my BRACHIOPODA, the name of PALLIOBRAN- CHIATA, and makes an order of them in his class of the ACEPHALOPHORA. ** Linnaeus, who knew but one of the valves, called it Patella unguis. Solander and Chemnitz, who were aware of its having two, called it, one, the Mytilus lingua, and the other, Pinna unguis. Brugires knew its pedicle, and consequently made a genus of it by the name of LINGULA, Encyc. Method., Vers, pi. 250. It is singular that before us, no one had remarked that it is well figured with its pedicle by Seba, loc. cit. BRACH10PODA. 11? TKKKBRATULA, Brag. Two unequal valves united by a hinge; the summit of one, more salient than the other, is perforated to permit the passage of a fleshy pedicle which attaches the shell to rocks, madrepores, other shells, &c. Internally, a small bony i>i < . t.f frame-work is observed, that is some- times very complex, composed <-f two branches which articulate with the unperforated valve, and that support two arms edged all round with a lung close fringe, between which, on the side next to the large valve, is a third, simply membranous and much longer appendage, usually spirally convoluted, and edged, like the arms, with a fine and close fringe, the mouth is a small vertical fissure between these three large appendages. The principal part of the body, situated near the hinge, contains the numerous muscles which reach from one valve to the other, and between them are the viscera, which occupy but little space. The ovaries appear to be two ramified productions, adhering to the parietes of each valve. I have not yet been able to ascertain exactly the positon of the branchiae. Numberless Terebratukc are found fossil or petrified, in certain udary strata of ancient formations*. The living species are less numerous f. The shell of some is transversely broader or longer, in a direction perpendicular to the hinge, with an entire or emarginated contour, with two or several lobes; some of them are even triangular; the sur- face is smooth, sulcated in radii, or veined ; they are thick or thin, and even diaphanous. In several of them, in lieu of the hole in the summit of the thin valve, there is a notch, and this notch is sometimes partly formed by two accessory pieces, &c. It is probable that when T known, their animals will present generic differences. Already in the SPIRJFKR, Sowerby, Two large cones have been recognized, formed of a spiral thread, which appear to have supported the animalj, In THECIDEA, Def., The pedicle seems to have been incorporated with the small valve . M. Defrance distinguishes upwards of two hundred. t Anomin scobinata, Gualt., 96, A; An. aurila, Id., Ib., B; An. retusa ; Am. trunrata, C'lu-imi., \ "1 1 1, Ixxsii, 7 1 1 ; An. capensis, Ib., 703; An. pubescent, Id., l\\\iii, 702; An. detruncala, Ib., 705; An. sanyvinolenla, Ib., 706; An. vitrea, lh., 7<>7, 709; An. dorsata, Ib., 71<>. 711 ; An. psittacea, Ib. 713; An cranium, &c. For the fov.il tprcies, see Encyc. Method. Vers, pi. 239 246. J For this genus see Sowcrb., Min. Conch, and the article Spin/ere of M. De- france, Diet, des Sc. Nat. t. L. ThcrM'.i mniitcn;,,,. iiist. Nat. de la Fr. Merid., IV, f, 183; Th. ! ;j. Mont. St IVrrr, pi. xxvii, f. 8. Further, and more prect.-e ob>< t inns are requisite, to enable us to class the MAGAS of Sowerby, the STRIGOCE- PHALA of Defrance, and some other neighbouring group . 118 MOLLUSCA. OKBICULA, Cuv. The Orbiculae liave two unequal valves, one of^ which, that is round and conical, when viewed by itself, resembles the shell of a Pa- tella; the other is flat and fixed to a rock. The arms of the animal, Criopus, Poli, are ciliated and spirally recurved like that of the Lingulse. The seas of Europe produce a small species, Patella anomala, Mull., Zool. Dan. V, 26; Anomia'turbinata, Poli, XXX, 15; Bret. Sowerb., Lin. Trans., XIII, pi. xxvi, f. 1. The DISCING, Lam., are Orbiculae, the inferior valve of which is marked by a fissure. The CRANIA, Bruy. Should be approximated to the Orbiculae. The arms of the animal arc also ciliated, but the shells have deep and round internal muscu- lar impressions, that have caused it to be compared to the figure of a skull. One of them inhabits European seas ; Anomia craniolaris, L. ; or Crania personata, Bret. Sowerb., Lin. Trans., XIII, pi. xxv, f. 3. Several are fossil ; such as the Cran. antiqua, and the others of which M. Hceninghaus has given an excellent Mono- graph. CLASS VI. CIRRHOPODA *. [LEPAS and TRITON, The Cirrhopoda, in several points of view, are intermediate between this division and that of the Articulata. Enveloped by a mantle, and testaceous pieces which frequently resemble those seen in several of the Acephala, their mouths are furnished with lateral jaws, and the abdomen with filaments named cirri, arranged in pairs, composed of a multitude of little ciliated articulations, and corresponding to a sort of feet or fins similar to those observed under the tail of several of the Crustacea. Their heart is situated in the dorsal region, and the branchiae on the sides ; the nervous system forms a series of ganglions * M. De Lamarck has changed this name into CIRRIPEDA, making it a class. M. de Blainville also makes a class of them, but he changes the name to NKMATO- PODA, and places them with the Chitones, in what he calls his type of the MALEN- TOZARIA. CIKKHOI'ODA. on the lower part of the abdomen. These cirri, however, may be considered as analogous to the articulated appendages of certain ies of Teredo, while the ganglions in some respects are mere re] K-titions of the posterior ganglion of the bivalves. The position of these animals in the shell is such, that the mouth is at the bottom and the cirri near the orifice. Between the last two cirri is a long ll 'shy tube, that has sometimes, but erroneously, been takon for their proboscis, and at the base of which, near the back, is the opening of the amis. Internally, we observe a stomach inflated by a multitude of small cavities in its parietes, which appear to fulfil the functions of a liver, a simple intestine, a double ovary, and a double serpentine oviduct, whose walls produce the prolific fluid, and which, prolonged in the fleshy tube, open at its extremity. These animals are always fixed. Linnaeus comprised them all in one genus LEPAS, which Brugieres divided into two, that have in their turn been subdivided *. ANATIFA, Bru